182 WYCH ELM 



most scales gradually pass into a spiral arrangement, which 

 is not the case with the purely foliar lateral buds. 



There can be little doubt that each outer scale repre- 

 sents two fused stipules, the leaf of which is not developed; 

 because further in, as the leaves appear, each is accom- 

 panied by two stipules, and the sequence of scales agrees 

 with this assumption. In the flower-buds all the scales 

 are simple. 



The young leaves are so folded (conduplicate) that the 

 margins turn towards the axis bearing the bud, the midribs 

 towards the subtending leaf (Fig. 29). Their stipules are 

 so arranged that each first stipule is directed towards the 

 axis and covers its own young folded leaf whose dorsal 

 side is turned outwards while the second stipule is 

 partially covered by its own leaf and, in its turn, partially 

 covers the next succeeding leaf on its own side. 



** Spray stiffly pendent ; buds grey-brown 

 and somewhat larger and more hairy; 

 twigs the same colour, stouter and rough, 

 without the fine pale fissures or cork- 

 ridges. 



Ulmus montana, L. Wych Elm (Fig. 91). The spray 

 makes few curves, the twigs standing off at sharp angles, 

 and is usually directed slightly downwards, stiffly, in a 

 plane oblique to the horizon. 



Buds brown, with more or less rusty hairs. Twigs 

 fairly stout, olive-green to red-brown. Leaf- scars and 

 leaf-traces as in U. campestris, but the former usually 

 more triangular. 



The Elm known as U. effusa, Wild, has longer and 

 more sharply pointed buds, glabrous, as are the twigs ; 

 also larger leaf-scars, and the bark scaly. 



The Elms present difficulties to the beginner owing to 



