VII] FUNCTIONS OF BUD-SCALES 57 



between which resin is poured out and cements them 

 together. In the Lime, Ailanthus glandulosa, Lonicera, 

 &c., the scales have decided cork-layers as an extra pro- 

 tection. In the Maples, Sycamore, Beech, &c., the scales 

 as well as the young leaves invested by them are provided 

 with hairs, which often mat themselves together. In the 

 Oaks, Vine, &c., the outer scales have the corky layers 

 referred to, while the innermost scales bear interwoven 

 hairs. In the Silver Fir, Pines, Birch, &c., the outermost 

 scales have cork-layers, and resin is poured out in addition. 

 In the Plane the bud-scales are smeared with resin, while 

 the enclosed young leaves and axis of the bud are very 

 hairy. In the Horse-chestnut the outermost bud-scales 

 have cork-layers, and resin is poured out over them, while 

 the inner organs of the bud are densely covered with 

 interwoven hairs. 



As regards temperature, no covering of bud-scales can 

 prevent the inner parts of the bud from chilling during a 

 long frost, and we must not forget that naked buds often 

 withstand the severest winter; consequently we must 

 assume that the resistance to cold is an adaptive character 

 of the enclosed leaves themselves. 



Moreover, many buds open very early in spring, and 

 the removal of the bud-scales, if care be taken that the 

 exposed buds are not allowed to dry up, often results in no 

 damage from cold, though to this rule there are exceptions. 



