II] BUDS OF ELM, ETC. 21 



arrangement as in the Lettuce or Brussels Sprout, except 

 that the outermost leaves are converted into true scales, 

 enclosing the end of the axis bearing numerous small 

 slender single leaves (Figs. 13 and 14). 



In the Spruce we meet with the further peculiarity, 

 that the true bud-scales are inserted on a common ring- 

 like wall of tissue investing the base of the bud : when 

 the bud " bursts " this ring separates off below and the 

 whole mass of scales is carried up on the elongating bud 

 like a cap. 



In both the Pine and the Fir, we must conclude that 

 each bud-scale represents a whole leaf, and not merely the 

 lower portion of a leaf, and the same will be found to be 

 true of many other buds. 



We meet with yet a third class of cases in the Elm, 

 Beech, Hornbeam, and many other trees. If we cut a 

 section across such a bud, and magnify it somewhat, 

 we shall find that every one of the folded up leaves in its 

 interior is accompanied by two smaller, more or less leaf-like 



Fig. 15. Opening bud of the Elm in the axil of a fallen leaf, the 

 scar of which is seen subtending the base. 1 10 stipular bud-scales ; 

 I first foliage leaf with its two stipules st. Other leaves just showing. 



structures, which need explanation. Again the mystery 

 is solved when the bud opens in spring, for, as shown in 

 Fig. 15, these accessory structures are seen to be the 



