CLASSIFICATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS ACCORDING 

 TO CHARACTERS AFFORDED BY THEIR BUDS AND 

 TWIGS. 



I. BUDS AT ALL SEASONS ACCOMPANIED BY 

 GREEN FOLIAGE LEAVES ON THE SAME TWIGS : 

 I.E. THE PLANT IS EVERGREEN. 



A. BUDS COMPOUND, THE AXIS BEARING BUDS 

 OF DWARF-SHOOTS WITH FOLIAGE LEAVES, IN 

 THE AXILS OF SPIRALLY ARRANGED SCALE- 

 LEAVES; THE TRUE TERMINAL BUD PERSISTENT, 

 LATERAL BUDS FEW AND COLLECTED JUST BELOW 

 THE TIP ; ALL TREES WITH BRANCHES IN PSEUDO- 

 WHORLS, AND ACICULAR FOLIAGE LEAVES IN 



TUFTS OF 2 5 (Pines). 



[The true nature of the bud, as a bud of buds, is best 

 seen as the young shoot elongates and the tips of the green 

 leaves emerge from between the numerous scales, which 

 may be as many as a hundred to three hundred and fifty.] 



(1) Needles (acicular foliage leaves) in tufts of 

 5 on the dwarf-shoots, the bases of which 

 are surrounded by scales (perulse), here de- 

 ciduous. 



(a) Buds ovoid-pointed and resinous; young shoots 

 glabrous, polished, green ; bud-scales lanceolate, 

 acuminate, orange, glabrous; needles long and 

 slender; cones long and pendulous with thin 

 scales. 



