XVl] DICLINOUS FLOWERS, ETC. 161 



pistils) and female flowers (with aborted stamens). (4) In 

 Valerian, Field Scabious, the Vine, Lychnis viscaria, 

 Calamintha, Ground Ivy, Mint, Thyme, Marjoram and 

 other Labiates, some plants bear only pseudo-herma- 

 phrodite female flowers in which the stamens are reduced 

 to functionless rudiments; while (5) Dryas octopetala, 

 Geum montanum, and some other Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, 

 &c., have only pseudo-hermaphrodite male flowers on 

 some plants; and (6) in Rhamnus cathartica, Lychnis 

 diurna, &c., we find pseudo-hermaphrodite male flowers 

 on one plant and pseudo-hermaphrodite female ones on 

 another. In Silene nutans (7) some plants have pseudo- 

 hermaphrodite male, others pseudo-hermaphrodite female, 

 and yet others hermaphrodite flowers only; while (8) in 

 Spircea aruncus some plants bear only pseudo-herma- 

 phrodite female flowers, others only pseudo hermaphrodite 

 males, others only hermaphrodite flowers, and yet others 

 bear both hermaphrodite and pseudo-hermaphrodite males. 

 We thus see that the matter may become very com- 

 plex. In practice it is common to ignore the difference 

 between true diclinism and pseudo-hermaphroditism 

 (physiological diclinism), and the Thyme, Marjoram, &c., 

 quoted in case (4) above would be termed gyno-dioecious, 

 while the plants of case (2) above, and very many Com- 

 positse (Doronicum, Aster, Inula), with truly herma- 

 phrodite and truly female flowers on the same plant, are 

 alike termed gy no-monoecious. Similarly, Veratrum album 

 with hermaphrodite and truly staminate flowers on the 

 same plant is andro-monoscious, as are also the flowers 

 of case (1) above ; but Veratrum album can be andro- 

 dioscious, and the same term is applied to flowers like 

 those in case (5) above. 



w. .in. 11 



