ACHATINELLA VULPINA. 213 



1850. GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, pi. 2, f. 

 12. Achatinella adusta REEVE, C. Icon. pi. 4, f. 30, April, 

 1850. Achatinella ernestina BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 

 1895, p. 217, pi. 10, f. 5, 6. Achatinella olivacea REEVE, C. 



Icon. pi. 3, f. 20, April, 1850. (Hab. ?). GULICK, 



Evolution, etc., p. 41, pi. 2, f. 13. Achatinella prasinus 



REEVE, C. Icon. pi. 4, f. 27, April, 1850 (Hab. ?). 



Achatinella virens GULICK, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., vi, 

 p. 254, pi. 8, f. 73, Feb., 1858. Achatinella cucumis GULICK, 

 t. c., p. 225, pi. 7, f. 45, Dec. 1856. Achatinella analoga 

 GULICK, t. c., p. 227, pi. 7, f. 47, Dec., 1856; Evolution, etc., 

 p. 41, pi. 2, f. 9 (Halawa). Achatinella longispira SMITH, 

 P. Z. S. Lond. 1873, p. 73, pi. 9, f. 5. Achatinella colorata 

 GULICK, Evolution, etc., pi. 2, f. 10 ( virens). 



A. vulpina as here understood comprises shells of a great 

 variety of colors and patterns, the shape and size of the 

 shells remaining practically the same. Numerous " species", 

 based chiefly upon color characters, have been based upon 

 forms of vulpina, but the prevalence of undoubtedly hybrid 

 colonies in which several of them live together opposes that 

 interpretation of the facts, even though the hybrid colonies 

 segregate into patterns so distinct that they may usually be 

 assorted readily, with only a small proportion of "blends.' 

 Some of the "elementary species' 1 or patterns rarely occur 

 also in pure colonies, which by themselves would be con- 

 sidered subspecies. Others, like A. longispira are found only 

 in hybrid colonies, and seem to be products of hybridism in 

 which the parental patterns are changed rather than blended. 



The western edge of Nuuanu valley marks the division be- 

 tween the western and the eastern herds. The dark olivacea, 

 virens and longispira patterns have not crossed the floor of 

 the valley eastward, and the vulpina patterns (typical vulpina, 

 ernestina and adusta) spread no further west. We would 

 signalize this fact in distribution by dividing the series into 

 two species were it not that the light olivacea pattern is com- 

 mon to both herds, extending from Kalihi at least as far west 

 as Waimano, though not common we believe west of the 

 Nuuanu-Kalihi ridge. 



