20 REPRODUCTION 



mination ales, e.g., Mucorales, from the genus Mucor of the 

 family Mucoraceae. Orders are the primary subdivisions of 

 classes.* 



The germination of fungi may be prevented by the use of cer- 

 tain mineral salts. Those of copper are more commonly used, 

 especially the sulphate, carbonate and acetate, either alone or 

 mixed with other substances. Two poimds of copper sulphate, 

 dissolved in fifty gallons of water, can be used as a spray on vines 

 and trees before the opening of the buds. After the trees or 

 vines are in full leaf the Bordeaux mixture is used. This is made 

 by dissolving six pounds of copper sulphate in a half barrel of 

 water by hanging near the surface in a piece of gunny sack, in 

 another barrel four to six pounds of best stone lime are slaked in 

 a quantity of water, strained, and diluted to a half barrel. The 

 two substances are now turned together slowly, mixed thoroughly 

 with constant stirring and used for a spray. It should be used 

 the same day it is made, always stirring thoroughly just before 

 using. This mixture has been used successfully in a more di- 

 lute condition, even up to fifty gallons for the above amounts, 

 or even with only four pounds of copper sulphate and an equal 

 amount of lime. This is used on peaches, plums, pears, quinces 

 and grapes just before the blossoms open and just after the young 

 fruit has set, and among orchard and vine growers is a well-known 

 application for the prevention of many fungous diseases, such as 

 the peach and plum rot (J\Ionilia fnictigend], pear leaf blight 

 (Entomosporium mac id at urn], and the various mildews, rots and 

 anthracnoses of the grape as well as many others. 



Ammoniacal copper carbonatey and a solution of copper acetate^ 

 are often used as later sprays in the progress of fruit growth ; the 

 latter is specially recommended for spraying peach and plum trees 

 after the fruit has commenced to turn color since it does not dis- 



* The above system has been announced at Berlin as the standard for 

 German practice, but in the recent publications issuing from the Hof- 

 Museum, there has been glaring inconsistency in their usage. In the fol- 

 lowing pages an effort is made to secure rigid uniformity. 



f Made by dissolving four ounces of copper carbonate in two quarts of 

 ammonia, and adding the solution to fifty gallons of water. 



\ Four ounces of copper acetate in fifty gallons of water. 



