IN GENERAL 157 



were recognized : Sphaeria, Stilbospora, Hysterium, Xyloma, 

 Naemospora, Vermicularia, Tubercularia, ^phaerobolus, Theleb- 

 olus, Pilobolus, Sclerotium, Tuber, Batarrea, Geastrum, Bovista, 

 Tulostoma, Lycoperdon, Scleroderma, Lycogala, Fuligo, Spuma- 

 ria, Diderma, Physarum, Trichia, Arcyria, Stemonitis, Cribraria, 

 Licea, Tubulina, Mucor, Onygena, Aecidluni, Uredo, Puccinia, 

 Trichodenna, Conoplea, Pyreniiun, Cyatkus, Clathrus, Phallus, 

 Amanita, Agartctts, Daedalea, Boletus, Sistotrema, Hydnum, 

 ThelepJwra, Merisma, Clavaria, Geoglossum, Spathularia, 

 Leotia, Helvetia, Morchella, Tremella, Peziza, Ascobolus, Helo- 

 tium, Stilbum, Aegerita, Ascophora, Periconia, Isaria, Botrytis, 

 Manilla, Dematium, Erineum, Racodium, Himantia, Rhisoinor- 

 pha, and Mesenterica, in all seventy-one genera which represent the 

 second summary of our knowledge of fungi, now nearly one 

 hundred years ago. The real foundation of systematic study, 

 however, dates from the publication of Fries' Systema Myco- 

 logicMin in 1821-32, and on this first extensive summary of our 

 knowledge of fungi the future growth of the system has been built. 



In the study of fungi during the present century three names 

 will ever stand prominent, and to each is due the development of 

 a special division of the subject. Elias Fries (i 794-1878) laid the 

 foundations for the Basidiomycetes ; the brothers Tulasne (Louis 

 Rene, 1815-1885; Charles, 1816-1884), accomplished a similar 

 work for the Ascomycetes ; and Anton De Bary (1831^1888) 

 established the foundations of comparative morphology and 

 biology among the fungi, investigating the questions of their 

 sexuality and relationships to other thallophytes. 



Fries was attracted to the study of fungi when a mere child by 

 seeing the magnificent specimens of Hydnum, which his native 

 forests of Sweden produced. At the age of twenty-one he pub- 

 lished his first mycological paper, and for sixty years he gave his 

 attention especially to the study of the Basidiomycetes. As stated 

 above, his first work of importance was the Systema (1821-1832), 

 in which all the known fungi were marshalled in order. To this 

 he published an appendix Elenchus Fungorum (1828), four 

 years before the final volume of the original work appeared after 

 which he narrowed the range of his studies and in 1836-1838 

 published his Epicrisis in which the known Hymenomycetes of 

 the world were brought up to date. A final revision of the Euro- 



