106 FAUNA OF CELEBES. [CH. II 



canthomys is another peculiar type. Several species of 

 " Holy ape " (Semnopithecus) are limited to this sub-region. 

 As to the birds Mr Holdsworth allowed in 1872, 325 

 species, of which 37 are peculiar to Ceylon. This number 

 is raised by Mr Wallace to 80 for the whole sub-region. 

 There is only one genus that is peculiar, viz. Elaphromis 

 and a sub-genus Stumbmis. 



III. The Indo-Chinese sub-region includes the Hima- 

 layas as well as Siam and tropical China. Among peculiar 

 genera of Mammals are the Viverrines Urva and Arctonyx, 

 and the remarkable carnivore JSlurus 1 . There are a 

 number of peculiar birds of the passerine and picarian 

 groups ; these include the genera Liothrix, Urocissa, Aceros 

 (a hornbill), and a number of others ; the Gallinaceous 

 Ceriornis (the Tragopan) is another genus nearly limited 

 to the sub-region. 



IV. The Malayan sub-region, as might be inferred 

 from the fact that it is almost entirely made up of islands, 

 has a number of peculiar forms. The Anthropoid apes of 

 the east are most abundant here, and the Orang is found 

 nowhere else : the lemur Tarsius is very nearly confined 

 to this sub-region, not occurring in any of the other sub- 

 regions but just passing the boundary of the Australian 

 region. The insectivore Gyrnnura,, the curious mountain 

 living carnivore Mydaus, the Indian Tapir are among 

 other mammals that are confined to this sub-region. If 

 we regard the island of Celebes 2 , that " fragment of 

 miocene Asia," as a part of this region a position to 



1 This is also palasarctic. 



2 Mr Sclater does in his most recently expressed opinion, Ibis, Oct. 1891. 



