112 HYMENOPTERA. 



wax-producing insects these glands are developed in great 

 numbers over certain portions of the body. In the Aphides, 

 whose bodies are covered with a powder consisting of line waxv 

 threads, these glands are collected in groups. Modifications of 

 them appear in the Coccidnj. In the Avax-producing Hymen- 

 optera the apparatus is somewhat complicated. The bees 

 secrete wax in thin, transparent, membranous plates on the 

 under side of the abdominal segments. Polygonal areas are 

 formed by the openings of an extraordinarily large number of 

 tine pore-canals, in which, surrounded by very numerous tra- 

 cheal branches, the cylindrical gland-cells are densely piled 

 upon each other. These form the wax organs, over which a 

 fatty layer spreads. In those bees which do not produce wax, 

 the glands of the wax organs are slightly developed. Wax 

 organs also occur in the Humble bees. 



The honey is elaborated by an unknown chemical process, 

 from the food contained in the proventriculus, or crop, and 

 which is regurgitated into the honey-cells. 



The ovaries consist of many-chambered, four, six, or a hun- 

 dred, short tubes. "The ri j ri'j>t<trt<!<i #cminis is nearly always 

 simple, round or ovoid, and necked, and is prolonged into a 

 usually short seminal duct." The gland ula appendicularis con- 

 sists of a bifurcate tube which opens into the dttctns semhi/ix, 

 and only rarely into the cajjsxla seminalis itself. 



In the Tenthretlinidce , " this apparatus is formed on a 

 different type ; the seminal vesicle is a simple diverticulum of 

 the vagina, and more or less distinct from it, besides it is defi- 

 cient in the accessory gland. The copulatory pouch is absent in 

 all the Ilymenoptera, as are also the sebaceous glands with those 

 females which have a sting and a poison gland," while in other 

 insects the sebaceous glands are present, and it would be nat- 

 urally inferred, therefore, that the two are homologous, but 

 modified for diverse functions. 



The two testes of the male are "composed of long follicles, 

 fasciculate and surrounded, together with a portion of the 

 torose deferent canal, by a common envelope ; but more com- 

 monly the two testes are contained in a capsule situated on the 

 median line of the body." (Siebold.) 



The eggs are usually long, cylindrical, and slightly curved in 



