crviER. 135 



their most remarkable characters. Every species of animal and 

 plant obtained a place determined by its properties, and was with 

 the specific name inserted under the genus. After the name fol- 

 lowed a short Latin diagnosis, and a list of the synonyms of authors 

 and statements concerning the habits of life, habitat, the native 

 country, and any special characteristics. 



Linnaeus created for botany an artificial system of classification 

 founded on the characters of flowers. Similarly his classification of 

 animals was artificial, as it did not depend upon the distinction 

 of natural groups, but took isolated features of internal and external 

 structure as characters. Linnaeus completed the improvements in 

 Aristotle's classification which had been already begun by Ray, by 

 establishing the following six classes, founded on the structure of the 

 heart, the condition of the blood, the manner of reproduction and 

 respiration. 



(1) Mammalia. With red warm blood, and a heart composed of 

 two auricles and two ventricles, viviparous. The following orders were 

 distinguished Primates (with the four genera Homo, Simia, Lemur, 

 Vespertilio), Bruta., Ferae, Glires, Pecora, Belluse, Cete. 



(2) Aves. With warm red blood, and a heart composed of two 

 auricles and two ventricles, oviparous Accipitres, Picae, Anseres, 

 Grallae, Gallinae, Passeres. 



(3) Amphibia. With cold red blood and a heart composed of simple 

 auricle and ventricle, breathing by lungs Reptilia (Testudo, Draco, 

 Lacerta, Rana), Serpentes. 



(4) Pisces. With cold red blood, and a heart composed of simple 

 auricle and ventricle, breathing by gills Apodes, Jugulares, Thora- 

 cici, Abdominales, Branchiostegi, Chondropterygii. 



(5) Insecta. -With white blood, simple heart, and segmented an- 

 tennae Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenop- 

 tera, Diptera, Aptera> 



(6) Vermes. With white blood, simple heart, and unsegmented 

 antennae Mollusca, Intestina, Testacea, Zoophyta, Infusoria. 



While the followers of Linnaeus developed still further this barren 

 and one-sided zoographical treatment and erroneously looked upon 

 the framework of this system as an exact and complete expression 

 of the whole of nature, Cuvier, by combining Comparative Anatomy 

 with Zoology, laid the foundations of a natural system. 



George Cuvier, born at Mompelgard 1762, and educated at the 

 Karlsakademie at Stuttgart, later Professor of Comparative Anatomy 

 at the Jardin des Pla-ntes in Paris, published his comprehensive in- 



