590 INSECTA. 



Cop r is limarix L., Aphodius subterraneus Fabr., Geotrupcs vernnlls L., G. 

 gtercwarius L.. RJiizotrogus solstitialis L., Melolontlia vuli/nriis Fabr., Cock- 

 chafer. The larv;e at first live together and feed ou fresh vegetable substances, 

 later (in the second and third years) on roots, which they destroy, doing great 

 damage. Towards the end of the fourth summer the beetle is usually developed 

 from the pupa, which lies in a smooth round hole, but it remains in the earth till 

 the next spring. JA hippocastani Fabr., Ci'tmiia aurata L., Ateit chits sneer L., 

 Oryctes n a si car /tin L. 



Fam. Dermestidae (Speckkiifer). Attar/ runs prlllo L. (Pel/kafer). Dermestrs 

 lardarius L., (Speckkafer). 



Fam. Histeridae (Stutzkiifer). JERster maculatus L., Ontnj)Jiih/x xtriatiis Fabr. 



Fam. Silphidae (Aaskafer). Beetles and larvae live on and lay their eggs in 

 decomposing animal and vegetable matters; some of them even attack living 

 insects and larva;. When .attacked many defend themselves by the ejection of 

 a stinking anal excretion. Sllpha thoracica Fabr., S. obxcura Fabr. Necro- 

 pliorViS venpiHo Fabr., N. rjermanicus Fabr. (Todtengraber). 



Fam. Pselaphidse. Live in the dark under stones and in colonies of ants. 

 Psclajilius Heine/ Herbst. Chiriijcr testnccus Pr. 



Fam. Staphylinidae (Kurzdeckflugler). Myrmetloniii' i-iuialicultita Fabr. 

 Live among ants. Staphylinus maasillosus L., Oiiuilinin rind are, Payk. 



Fam. Hydrophilidae (Palpicornia). Swimming beetles with short club-shaped 

 antennre and long maxillary palps, which often project beyond the antennae. 

 Feed on plants. Hydrophilus plceus L.. Hydrobiusfuscipes TJ. 



Fam. Dytiscidse. Swimming-beetles, with filiform, ten- or eleven-jointed 

 antennre and broad swimming legs beset with setre ; the hind legs project 

 back and are especially adapted for swimming by the possession of a close 

 covering of swimming-hairs. Colymltetes fiiscu-v L. . Di/tiscns innrginaJis, Sturm. 



Fam. Carabidae.* Running beetles, with eleven-jointed filiform antennas, power- 

 ful pincer-shaped mandibles, and running legs. The elongated larva? possess 

 four-jointed antennas, four to five ocelli on each side, sickle-shaped projecting 

 pincers, and fairly long five-jointed legs Htii-jtalax as/trux Fabr., Brachiiiux 

 crt'pitanx K. (Bombardirkiifer). Curt /bun anrattis L., Procruxtes coriaceu* Ij. 



Fain. Cicindelidae. Tiger-beetles. Mandibles with three teeth. The larvae 

 form subterranean passages, possess a broad head, very large sickle-shaped 

 curved jaws, and bear on the dorsal surface of the eighth segment of the body 

 two horny hooks for attachment in the passage, at the opening of which they 

 lie in wait for prey. Ciciinlela eitiiipextnx L. (fig. 484). 



Order 9. HYMENOPTERA.">- 



Insects with bitiny and licking mouth parts, fused prothorax, four 

 membranous wings with only few nervures. Metamorphosis complete* 



The body has as a rule an elongated form, and possesses a freely 



* Dejean, "Species general des Coleopteres, etc." Tom I.-V., Paris. 1825- 

 1831. 



f L. Jurine. "Nouvelle metliode de classer les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres." 

 Tom. I.. Hyinenopteres. Geneva. 1807. 



0. Gravenhorst, " Ichneumologia Europaaa," Vratislavia?, 1829. J. Th. C. 

 Ratzeburg. " Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten." 3 Bde. Berlin. 1844-1 852. 



G. Dahlbom, " Hymenoptera Europsea, prajcipue borealia." Lund. 184.'). 



v. Siebold, ' Beitriige zur Parthenogenesis der Ai-thropoden." Leipzig. 1871. 



