BRYOZOA OF WOODS HOLE REGION. 225 



Bugula turrita (Desor). [PI. xxi, fig. 23, 233., 2$b, pi. xxxi, fig. 102.] 



Desor 1848, p. 66 (Cellularia turrila). 



Verrill and Smith 1874, p. 712. 



Verrill 18793, p. 52; 1878, p. 304; 1879 b, p. 189, and 18790, p. 29. 



Perkins 1869, p. 161 (Cellularia turrita). 



? Leidy 1855, p. 142 (Cellularia fastigiata). 



Desor 's description, which is very inadequate, but sufficient under the circumstances for the recog- 

 nition of the species, is as follows: "Polydom dense, like a bush, stem orange colored, divided into a 

 great number of branches so that each stem looks like a small tower or pyramid. Found in depths 

 ranging from 3 to 15 fathoms. Thrown in great quantity upon the beaches of the islands of Nan tucket 

 and Marthas Vineyard." 



Zoarium, when fully developed, much branched, several inches in height; the branches bear sec- 

 ondary whorled or spirally arranged branches of a flabellate character, which curl inward somewhat at 

 their tips, giving each main branch a pyramidal form; color ranging from pale yellow to bright orange. 

 Zooecia biserial and alternate, elongate, narrowed toward the base; the aperture occupies about two- 

 thirds of the front and is turned somewhat toward the axis of the branch ; a short spine usually present 

 at each angle of the margin, the inner one bent somewhat across the aperture, a larger spine (often very 

 stout) usually present behind the outer marginal spine. Avicularium small and rather stout, with 

 curved beak, situated on the outer margin of the aperture at about its middle. Ooeciurn rather large, 

 globose, arising at one side of the axis of the zooecium on its upper margin and deflected somewhat 

 toward the axis of the branch. Root fibers strong and plentifully developed. Our largest and most 

 abundant Bugula. 



Found everywhere throughout the region, dredged at all depths, and growing luxuriantly on piles. 



Bugula cucullifera, new name. [PL xxn, fig. 24, 243, 24b, 24C.] 



Verrill 1879!}, p. 188; 18793, p. 52, and 18790, p. 29. (B. cucullata Verrill.) Verrill's name for this species is preoccupied 

 by B cucullata Busk (1867, p. 241), now regarded as a synonym of B. serrala Lamarck. 



Verrill's description, somewhat abbreviated, is as follows: Zoarium much branched, branches 

 slender, dichotomously divided, the branchlets diverging but little. Zooecia in two alternating rows, 

 rather large, elongated, narrow, with the long frontal area occupying most of the length. At the distal 

 angles there are usually two rather long slender spines, but often three on the outer angle. The spines 

 are unequal, divergent, more or less curved and directed upward, the one farthest in front is usually 

 longest, curved forward and upward at the base. Avicularia large, elongated, the length greater than 

 the width of the zooecia, situated rather in advance of the middle of the outer margin of the frontal 

 area, the beak reaching beyond the distal end of the zooecium, the head compressed, broad oval; 

 beak long, concave above, strongly incurved or hooked at the tip. Ooecia short, but wide, nearly 

 hemispherical, the front edge turned upward, showing a large opening in a front view, and giving 

 them a hood-like appearance, surface more or less areolated, glistening. 



Verrill described this species from Jeffreys Ledge, off Maine, and off Cape Cod, in 51 to 75 fathoms 

 It occurs sparingly at Crab Ledge in 14 to 20 fathoms. 



Bugula flabellata (Thompson). [PI. xxn, fig. 25, 253, 25b, pi. xxxi, 94.] 



Thompson 1847 (Avicularia flabellata). 



Verrill and Smith 1874, p. 711. 



Verrill i879b, p. 189, and 18790, p. 29 (Bugula flustroides). 



Zoarium short, rarely exceeding an inch, branching, the branches arranged in a broad fanlike 

 fashion and more or less whorled, the main stem very short so the larger branches all arise near the 

 base. Zooecia arranged in series of three to six, and more or less alternating; elongate, the membranous 

 area occupying the whole of the front; the lateral margin is free from spines, but from two to four 

 rather stout spines appear on the upper margin, the anterior ones stronger and projecting somewhat 

 forward or curved inward. Avicularia situated only on the outer cells of the series, about one-fourth 

 of the way below the upper end of the cell, moderately large, longer than the width of the cell, with 



