A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CRINOIDS 261 



II, Crinoidea, 1914, p. 309 (migrant into the Atlantic from the southwest Indian Ocean; con- 

 nects the Caribbean Sea with the southwest Indian Ocean), p. 312 (with Antedon the only 

 genus of crinoids known from west Africa; species in the genus, with the range of each [afra, 

 macrodiscus, picta, carinata, audouini, indica, and encrinus]) ; Die Crinoiden der Antarktis, 

 1915, p. 164 (geographical range), p. 181 (both Atlantic and Pacific; range in each); Unstalked 

 crinoids of the Siboga-Exped. , 1918, p. 131 (key to the included species). H. L. CLARK, Car- 

 negie Inst. Washington Publ. 281, 1919, p. 53. MORTENSEN, Vid. Medd. Dansk Naturh. 

 Foren., vol. 71, 1920, p. 150. A. H. CLARK, Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, No. 5, 1921, 

 p. 13 (West Indies and Indo-Pacific), p. 17 (in key); Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 72, No. 7, 

 1921, p. 19 (littoral occurrence), p. 34 (odor). GISLEN, Nova Acta Reg .Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, 

 ser. 4, vol. 5, No. 6, 1922, p. 90. A. H. CLARK, The Danish Ingolf-Exped., vol. 4, No. 5, Crin- 

 oidea, 1923, p. 39 (range). GISLEN, Zool. Bidrag Uppsala, vol. 9, 1924, pp. 36, 51, 59, footnote 

 1, 84, 280. A. H. CLARK, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 34, pt. 4, 1932, p. 564 (status of small Indo- 

 Pacific species). EKMAN, Zoogeographica, vol. 2, No. 3, 1934, pp. 328, 343 (zoogeographic 

 significance) ; Tiergeographie des Meeres, 1935, p. 67. MORTENSEN, Kongel. Vid. Selsk. 

 Skrift., nat. math., ser. 9, vol. 7, No. 1, 1937, pp. 61-65 (larvae compared with those of Lampro- 

 ' metra klunzingeri) . GISLEN, Lunds Univ. Arsskr., new ser., Avd. 2, vol. 40, No. 8, 1944, p. 54, 

 footnote 1. H. L, CLARK, Echinoderm fauna of Australia, 1946, p. 53. 



Tripiometra PRESTON, Zool. Rec. for 1921, 1923, p. 20 Echin. (editorial error). 



Tropimetra GISLEN, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, ser. 4, vol. 5, No. 6, 1922, p. 91 (editorial 

 error) . 



Diagnosis. The diagnosis of the family Tropiometridae given on page 260 will 

 suffice for the genus Tropiometra. 



Geographical range. From the Korean Straits to Sagami Bay, and the Bonin 

 Islands, southward to Bowen, Queensland, and to between Fremantle and Geraldton, 

 Western Australia, and westward to the east coast of Africa, from Suez to the Cape of 

 Good Hope; St. Helena; from St. Lucia westward to Venezuela and southward to 

 Santa Catariua Island, southern Brazil. 



Bathymetrical range. From, the shore line down to 508 meters. For the small 

 species (carinata) there is only one record for more than 55 meters off St. Lucia in 

 508 meters. The large species (afra) descends to 110 meters, and possibly to 146 

 meters. 



Occurrence. The species of tliis genus are for the most part very irregularly dis- 

 tributed, being very local, though usually abundant wherever they are found. 



Remarks. The interrelationships of the smaller species of this genus have given 

 rise to considerable discussion. Count Pourtales in 1878 wrote that specimens from 

 Mauritius, the type locality of carinata, differed only in some minor details from others 

 from Brazil. In the year following Rathbun said that the study of a large series of 

 specimens would probably serve to unite the Brazilian with the East African species 

 beyond all doubt. Under the name of braziliensis he mentioned a specimen from 

 Rio de Janeiro that represented a rather strongly marked variety; this he seems 

 properly to have regarded as merely an individual variant. This specimen had been 

 listed by Professor Verrill as braziliensis in 1867, and its extravagantly developed 

 characters led him in 1868 to regard a more typical specimen from the Abrolhos Islands 

 as Bohlsche's diibenii. 



In 1879 and 1880 Carpenter regarded specimens labeled braziliensis as represent- 

 ing a valid form distinct from carinata; but in 1881 he said that although he had been 

 at first inclined to follow Liitken in separating braziliensis from carinata, further study 

 had led him to believe in their specific identity, in agreement with Pourtales and 



