MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CKINOIDS. 35 



for the endocyclic. Unfortunately lie never published any detailed account of his 

 studies himself, but he gave to Dr. P. H. Carpenter the results of his researches, 

 by whom they were published, together with his own observations, 10 or 12 

 years later (1879). Doctor Lutken had, however, in 1866, 1869, 1874, 1877 (two), 

 and 1879, published lists of the comatulids in the collection of the Godeffroy Museum 

 at Hamburg, which clearly show that his conception of the generic limits of "Ante- 

 don" and " Actinometra " at that time was the same as that elaborated by P. H. 

 Carpenter in 1879 and in 1888. The names used by Lutken were all nomina nuda, 

 but all have since been identified. 



In the United States Prof. Addison E. Verrill had taken up the study of the 

 echinoderms and, beginning in 1866, he published various papers hi which he brought 

 up to date the somewhat scanty knowledge of the comatulids of North and South 

 America. 



SirC. Wyville Thomson, in his preliminary report upon the crinoids collected by 

 the Porcupine expedition (1872) and in his semipopular work "The Depths of the 

 Sea," published in 1873, as well as in "The Atlantic," published in 1877, brought out 

 many new facts concerning the crinoid fauna of the north Atlantic and of the 

 Mediterranean. 



In 1875 Grube described three new comatulids from Borneo, Comatula Isevis- 

 sima (Amphimetra Ixvissima + Amphimetra milberti), Comatula (Actinometra) 

 borneensis (Capillaster multiradiata) and Comatula mertensi (Comanthus parvidrra), 

 reverting to the classification of Muller which had been abandoned by Verrill and 

 Pourtales, these authors placing all their species in the genus Antedon, following 

 Norman and Gray. 



In the year 1877 Prof. E. P. Wright described a supposed new genus and species 

 of sponge from Australia, which he called Kallispongia archeri. Mr. S. O. Ridley, 

 in reviewing the paper for the "Zoological Record," at once noticed the similarity 

 of the animal to the stalked larva of Antedon, and expressed his doubts as to 

 whether it really was a sponge. Subsequent study has shown that Kallispongia 

 archeri is in reality the stalked larva of two Australian crinoids, Ptilometra mulleri 

 and (probably) Compsometra loveni. Were it not that the figure of the pentacrinoid 

 of Ptilometra mulleri is given as a "variety" of the supposed species, Kallispongia 

 would have to be used instead of Ptilometra. 



At the same time the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, who had been interested in the 

 then current speculation in regard to the origin of the generic name Antedon, pub- 

 lished a short note stating that 'Avdyduiv was the name of a nymph mentioned bv 

 Pausanias, and that the name would be more correct if spelled " Anthedon." This 

 emendation has not, however, been adopted by any one except Minckert, who 

 employed it in one of his papers published in 1905. 



Mention should here be made of the monograph published hi 1877 by Prof. 

 Ludwig von Graff on the myzostomes, a group of curious "worms" until recently 

 known only as parasites upon the crinoids. In the preparation of this monograph 

 Professor von Graff received many specimens taken from crinoids bearing unpub- 

 lished museum names and from crinoids taken in localities not previously known to 

 support a crinoid fauna. Later Professor von Graff studied the myzostomes from 



