200 BULLETIN 82, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 1 



Fleming (1828) gives the color as deep red, Dalyell (1851) as tile red to crimson, 

 Forbes (1841) as deep rose, Wyville Thomson (1864) as crimson, and Norman (1865) 

 as crimson, scarlet or mottled, the large ones from deep water being rich brown or red- 

 dish tawny. 



About the Isle of Man, says Chadwick (1907), some are uniform deep reddish 

 purple, but the majority are clouded and spotted with rose, orange and yellow, while 

 Herdman (1886) gives the color as yellow, tawny, orange and crimson. Of those from 

 deep water off the cliffs (Herdman, 1906) some were deep red, but most were dirty 

 yellow, more or less mottled with rose. 



Lewes (1860) says that one which he found at St. Mary's, Scilly Islands, was 

 pink and white. 



Gosse (1863) describes one from Petit Tor on the Devonshire coast as having bands 

 and patches of crimson and yellow, not very regular, the yellow studded with red dots. 



At Guernsey, Sharp (1908) says the color is variable, generally red, but sometimes 

 yellow, old gold, or banded. 



At La Hougue, Malard (1892) states that this species occurs in three distinct colors, 

 more or less deep violet red, orange yellow inclining toward saturn red, and alternate 

 white and red, with whitish pinnules. 



Mr. Elmhirst writes that about Millport the color is variable, brick red to reddish 

 purple, either plain or marbled with white, yellow, or yellow-orange, and occasionally 

 yellow, plain or marbled with white, orange or red. 



The extruded eggs are bright orange (Wyville Thomson, 1864). 



Carpenter (1866) says that bright sulphur yellow is often the first color assumed by 

 the pentacrinoid larvae when not far from the termination of their pedunculate stage. 



Hassall (1842) writes that the markings and coloring of very young specimens ob- 

 tained off Kingstown harbor, Ireland, are very beautiful and delicate, very different from 

 the coarse red color which distinguishes them in their mature condition. 



Several authors (as Forbes, 1841; W. B. Carpenter, 1866; Colgan, 1905, etc.) have 

 remarked that the coloring matter is readily soluble in fresh water and in alcohol. 



Abeloos and Teissier (1926) found that there are two pigments present, one red and 

 one yellow. According to Karrer and Solmssen, (1935) and Lederer (1938) the pigments 

 are not carotenoids. However, Dimelow (1958) has analyzed the following carotenoids 

 from the arms and pinnules of A. bifida, ^-carotene, esterified astaxanthin, astaxanthin, 

 and xanthophyll. 



Covering plates. Dr. Th. Mortensen finds that, although they appear to be lack- 

 ing in the majority of specimens, side and covering plates resembling those figured by 

 Grieg in A. mediterranea occur in some individuals of this species. 



Formation of the pinnulars. Dr. Mortensen (1920) has shown that in the pinnules 

 the segments are formed successively from the first outward, the terminal hook being 

 the last to appear. All of the segments are formed within a very brief time, while the 

 pinnule is still very short. They are all present in the third pinnule from the tip of the 

 arm, the further growth of the pinnule depending upon their increase in length. 



Formation of the cirrals. According to Dr. Mortensen (1920) the cirrus segments, 

 like the pinnulars, are developed successively from the first outward, the terminal claw 

 being the last to form. They appear first as simple rounded fenestrated plates with no 

 central perforation, this arising later through the resorption of the central part. 



Eadianal and infrabasals. Dr. Mortensen (1920), while studying the larvae of 



