PAKT 5 A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CRINOIDS 397 



Comdr. (later Adm., Sir) Albert H. Markham, Lieut, (later Adm.) Pelham Aldrich, 

 also detached from the Challenger, and Capt. (later Col., Sir) Henry W. Feilden as 

 naturalist, on the Alert. This expedition found this species in Franklin Pierce and in 

 Discovery Bays. 



With the Alert and Discovery there was sent out a third ship, the Valorous, as a 

 store ship to accompany them as far as Disco in Davis Strait. It was arranged that 

 she should undertake dredging and sounding work on her return journey. The Valor- 

 ous was commanded by Capt. Loftus F. Jones, and carried as naturalist Prof. J. Gwyn 

 Jeffreys, who had as his assistant Mr. P. Herbert Carpenter. 



Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter thus laid the foundation for his life's work on recent cri- 

 noids by service with three marine surveying expeditions, that of the Lightning in 1868, 

 the third cruise of the Porcupine in 1869, and the cruise of the Valorous. 



In 1876 Prof. Nordenskiold, who had previously participated in no less than seven 

 arctic expeditions, undertook another voyage to Spitzbergen in the Ymer, on which he 

 gathered additional information concerning the present species. 



On July 4, 1878, he commenced on the Vega that extraordinarily successful expedi- 

 tion in the course of which Asia and Europe were completely circumnavigated. With 

 him on this expedition were Lieut. Palander as commander of the ship, Lieut, (later 

 Adm.) Hovgaard of the Danish and Lieut. Bove of the Italian navies, and Dr. Anton 

 Stuxberg as naturalist. An enormous extent of unknown territory to the east of Nova 

 Zembla was explored and this species was found, often in great abundance, in many 

 new localities. 



The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition of 1876-78 was the first expedition 

 dispatched for the purpose of making a detailed survey within a relatively restricted 

 oceanic area. In this case the region included the area between Vard0, western Spitz- 

 bergen, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Stavanger. The steamer Vfringen, chartered 

 by the Norwegian government for this work, sailed from Bergen on June 1, 1876, under 

 the command of Capt. C. Wille of the Norwegian navy, with Profs. George Ossian Sars 

 and D. C. Danielssen as naturalists. 



In 1877 the United States Fish Commission (subsequently the Bureau of Fisheries, 

 Department of Commerce and Labor, later Department of Commerce) carried out 

 extensive dredging operations, using the steamer Speedwell, her headquarters being 

 first at Salem, Massachusetts, but later, during the session of the commission of arbi- 

 tration on the fisheries claims, at Halifax, Nova Scotia. The work off the coast of 

 Nova Scotia yielded many specimens of this species. 



In 1878 the Dutch schooner Willem Barents began a series of annual polar voyages 

 with the objects of examining the ice and of making natural history collections around 

 Spitzbergen and in the Barents Sea. She was at first commanded by Lieut. A. de Bruijne, 

 with Lieut. Koolemans Beijnen as second-in-command, succeeding Lieut, de Bruijne 

 on his death after the first cruise. Lieut. Koolemans Beijnen had previously accom- 

 panied Sir Allen Young on two polar voyages in his steam yacht Pandora, which was 

 later purchased from him by Mr. Gordon Bennet, rechristened the Jeanette, and finally 

 lost somewhere in the vicinity of Wrangel Island. 



In 1882 Lieut. Hovgaard, who had accompanied Baron Nordenskiold on the Vega, 

 fitted out a small steamer, the Dijmphna, with which he reached the Kara Sea, where, 

 however, he was beset with ice. 



