410 BULLETIN 82, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 1 



It lives on bottoms of sand, sand and mud, mud and stones, stones, and stones and sand, 

 most commonly on mud and stones. 



Grieg in 1928, reporting on the collections of the Maud in the waters north of 

 Siberia, remarked on the extension of range provided by that collection as far east as 

 Wrangel Island (179 West), there being no earlier record between the New Siberian 

 Islands and Jones Sound, far to the north of Hudson Bay in Canada, except of course for 

 the variety maxima in the North Pacific. 



Mortensen, 1932, recorded the species at many of the Godthaab stations, mainly 

 in northern Baffin Bay, where, he said, the specimens were particularly well-developed 

 in contrast to the material collected at two stations off the southern tip of Greenland, 

 at one of which the bottom temperature of +5.8 C. was the highest known for this 

 species. 



In his paper on the echinoderrn fauna of the Franz Josef archipelago and the 

 Queen Victoria Sea published in 1932, G. P. Gorbunow recorded Heliometra glacialis 

 f. quadrata from three stations in the Barents Sea, one in Mellenus Strait, one in Allen 

 Young Strait, and one in the British Channel, all in the Franz Josef archipelago, 

 giving the location, depth, and character of the bottom. He said that although he 

 doubted the specific distinctness of quadrata and glacialis, yet at the time he studied the 

 material collected in 1927, 1928, and 1930, he recognized two varieties. In the region 

 of Franz Josef Land and in the northeastern Barents Sea not a single typical H. 

 glacialis was found. He said that the form quadrata is apparently circumpolar, panarc- 

 tic, weakly eurythermal, in a lesser degree euryhaline, but strongly eurybathic (from 

 14 to 1,359 meters), and apparently prefers muddy ground with stones. He noted 

 that this was the first time the interior of the Franz Josef archipelago had been explored. 



In 1933 Gorbunow published a paper on the echinoderrn fauna of the inshore 

 waters of the North Island of Nova Zembla, based upon collections made by himself 

 together with P. Uschakov in 1925 and 1927, by himself alone in 1929 and 1930, and 

 by L. Retowski and W. Wagin in 1931. The material collected in 1925 and 1927 was 

 studied by E. Gurjanova and revised by him. He recorded from station V one adult 

 H. glacialis; from station 1 one adult H. g. typica and three adult H. quadrata; from 

 station 30 one young H. quadrata; from station 28 one young H. glacialis; and from 

 station 14 one H. g. typica. This species was found at depths of from 52 to 200 meters 

 on muddy and stony bottoms, and on shells. Nothing new was discovered in regard 

 to the ecology or geographical distribution. 



Later in 1933 Gorbunow published a paper on the echinoderms of the northern 

 half of the Kara Sea, in which Heliometra glacialis and H. g. forma quadrata were re- 

 corded from 19 stations, and all the earlier records for the region were given. He again 

 discussed the forms typica and quadrata of H. glacialis. He said that H. glacialis is 

 very widely distributed in this region, though never found in great numbers. Both 

 H. glacialis and "Peliometra" prolixa, he said, were found at from 30 to 20 percent of the 

 stations, whereas in the Barents Sea H. glacialis was found at only 20 to 10 percent of 

 the stations. 



Also in 1933 Djakonov published an account of the echinoderrn fauna of the north- 

 ern seas with keys for differentiating the species. He included the variety quadrata 

 as separate from H. glacialis, distinguishing it by the fact that P 3 was shorter than P 3 

 rather than almost equal and by the shape of the proximal brachials and the segments 

 of P 3 as well as the visibility of the radial plates. As for the distribution, he found 



