40 BULLETIN 82, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



the crinoids. It was assumed that in the transformation of the crinoid arm from the 

 primitive biserial to the secondary monoserial type certain articulations became 

 superposed; the synarthry was supposed to have resulted from the superposition of 

 two straight muscular articulations, and the syzygy from the superposition of two 

 oblique muscular articulations. The structure of the crinoid arm was discussed in 

 considerable detail, and homologies with the ambulacral structures of other echino- 

 derms suggested. 



On October 30 a revision of the phylum Echinodermata was published in which 

 the following scheme of classification was adopted : 



PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 



I. Subphylum Echinodermata Heteroradiata: 



1 . Class Pelmatozoa 



a. Subclass Crinoidea. 



b. Subclass Cystoidea. 



c. Subclass Blastoidea. 



2. Class Echinoidea. 



3. Class Holothuroidea (Bohadschoidea). 

 II. Subphylum Echinodermata Astroradiata : 



1 . Class Ophiuroidea. 



2. Class Asteroidea. 



In a paper published in November reasons are given for considering the echinoids 

 and crinoids to be closely allied and both to be closely related to the holothurians, 

 and the following classification is suggested: 



PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 



I. Subphylum Echinodermata Heteroradiata: 



A. Pelmatozoa 



1. Crinoidea. 



2. Cystidea. 



3. Blastoidea. 



B. Ovozoa 



1 . Echinoidea. 



C. Vermiformes. 



1. Holothuroidea (Bohadschoidea). 



II. Subphylum Echinodermata Astroradiata: 



A. Ophiobrachiata 



1. Ophiuroidea. 



B. Stellarides. 



1. Asteroidea. 



The complete report on the crinoids of the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen 

 appeared on November 16. In the introduction all the nomina nuda published by 

 Lutken in the several "Catalogues" of the Museum Godeffroy were identified, 

 together with all the other manuscript names by the same author which could be 



