A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CRINOIDS 77 



phreata); p. 175 (divided into Capillasterinae, Cornactiniinae, and Comasterinae) ; Vidensk. 

 Mcdd. fra deu naturhist. Forcning i K0benhavn, 1909, p. 119 (occurs at Singapore; has large 

 eggs which presumably develop rapidly; ecology); p. 123 (combed oral pinnules possibly used 

 for removing foreign bodies and parasites such as pentacrinoid young and myzostomes from 

 the disk and pinnules); pp. 148-149 (variation of the arm tips and its significance); Amer. 

 Journal of Science, vol. 29, 1910, p. 353 (more or less bilaterally symmetrical); Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 6 (6 species in Africa); p. 7 (species on N. W. coast); p. 8 (species 

 on S. E. and N. E. coasts); p. 10 (West Indian and corresponding East Indian genera); p. 649 

 (referred to Oligophreata) ; p. 653 (reason of many coiled digestive tube is great amount of 

 inorganic matter ingested with food; reason for the same in Uinlacrimis probably great amount 

 of pelagic plants in food); Amer. Journal of Science, ser. 4, vol. 32 (old ser. vol. 182), No. 188, 

 Aug. 1911, p. 131 (significance of variations in the centrodorsal) ; Die Fauna siidwest Austra- 

 liens, vol. 3, Lief. 13, 1911, p. 438 (8 genera and 18 species in Australia); p. 449 (shortness of 

 posterior arms in many species due to the effect of heat); Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, 1911, 

 p. 717 (proportion of the species in the Australian fauna as known to P. H. Carpenter); p. 720 

 (proportion of the species of this family in the Australian fauna) ; p. 724 (4 species, all extreme 

 types, peculiar to Australia); p. 725 (Cominia [Co?nalulides] and Comissia absent from Aus- 

 tralia; this family disproportionately developed in Australia); p. 729 (in key); p. 730 (key to 

 Australian genera) ; Crinoids of the Indian Ocean, 1912, p. 6 (number of genera in the East 

 Indian region; number of genera also found in the Atlantic; number of genera represented by 

 closely allied genera in the Atlantic; genera exclusively confined to the East Indies; number 

 of East Indian species); p. 11 (represented by Comatella, Capillaster, Comissia, Comastcr, 

 Comanthina, and the Vania group of Comanthus in the Ceylon region); p. 12 (represented in 

 the Red Sea by the Vania group of Comanthus [error]; represented in S. E. Africa by Comatella, 

 Capillaster, Comissia, Bennetlia, and Vania) ', p. 13 (East Indian and corresponding West 

 Indian genera); p. 20 (distribution in detail); pp. 44, 48, 50, 52 (in keys); p. 54 (key to the 

 subfamilies and to the genera); Amer. Naturalist, vol. 47, No. 560, 1913, p. 498 (secondary 

 radial symmetry of the disk). F. SPRINGER and A. H. CLARK, Zittel-Eastmau's Paleontology, 



1913, p. 236 (in Oligophreata). A. H. CLARK, Bull, de 1'Institut ocanographique, Monaco, 

 No. 294, pp. 7, 8 (relation to temperature) ; Internat. Revue d. gesamt. Hydrobiol. u. Hydrogr., 



1914, p. 3 and following (Atlantic and corresponding Indo-Pacific genera); Records Western 

 Australian Museum, vol. 1, pt. 3, 1914, p. 114 (genera and species collected by the Endeavour 

 in Western Australia); Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, pp. 126-134 (bathy- 

 metrical range; phylogcnetical and paleontological significance); Die Crinoiden der Antarktis, 



1915, p. 163 (represented in South Africa by Comanthus wahlbergii); Amer. Journal of Science, 

 vol. 40, 1915, p. 67 (detailed discussion of bathymetrical range); Internat. Revue d. gesamt. 

 Hydrobiol. u. Hydrogr., 1915, pp. 222 and following (detailed account of distribution of 

 Australian species); Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., vol. 65, No. 10, 1915, p. 37 and following 

 (phylogenetical study); Amer. Naturalist, vol. 49, p. 526 (asymmetry almost universal in this 

 family, which includes the most specialized of all recent crinoids); p. 527 (types of asymmetry 1 ; 

 p. 546 (asymmetrical through excessive warmth); Unstalked Crinoids of the Siboga Expcd., 

 1918, p. 1 (key to the included subfamilies); Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 9, No. 5, 

 p. 136 (asymmetry compared with that of Holopus); University of Iowa, Studies in Nat. 

 Hist., vol. 9, No. 5, 1921, p. 22; Smiths. Miscell. Coll., vol. 72, No. 7, 1921, pp. 3, 6, 7, 8, 9i 

 10, 13, 32, 39. 



Comasttridts A. H. CLARK, Bull, du mus. d'hist. nat., Paris, No. 4, 1911, p. 246. 



Diagnosis. A family of the suborder Oligophreata in which the oral pinnules 

 arc slender, becoming flagellate and very flexible in the outer half, and are composed 

 of numerous short segments few or none of which are longer than broad; the terminal 

 portion of one or more of the oral pinnules bears a conspicuous comb-like structure, 

 from 3 to 35 (usually between 10 and 20) of the terminal segments carrying on their 

 outer ventral edge a high, thin, lanceolate or more or less rounded blade which is 



