A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CRINOIDS 681 



large many armed and a smaller few armed type. In my report on this collection, 

 published in 1909, I distinguished these 2 types as Comanthus (Comanthus) valida 

 and Comanthus (Comanthus) rotalaria. In a preliminary paper published in 1908 I 

 had described as a new species Comanthus intricata, which was based on a specimen 

 from Bo wen bearing the name Actinometra intricata Llitken, MS. Shortly afterwards 

 I discovered that my intricata was the same as Carpenter's valida. In 1909 I wrote 

 that I was quite unable to find any valid characters by which intricata might be dis- 

 tinguished from the previously described valida, and said that I had been misled by 

 the fact that Carpenter made valida the type of a special group distinct from the 

 Parvicirra group. When I described intricata I had not yet discovered that the 

 Valida group is composed of 4 supposed species, 3 of which are synonymous with 

 parvicirra of the Parvicirra group, while the fourth is synonymous with my intricata 

 and, as shown by some specimens lately come to hand [the Albatross specimens from 

 the Philippines], also with Carpenter's littoralis of the Parvicirra group. 



Under Comanthus (Comanthus) rotalaria I included as synonyms parvicirra J. 

 Miiller, timorensis J. Miiller, wahlbcrgii J. Miiller, brevicirra Dujardin and Hup6 

 (nomen nudum), P. H. Carpenter, simplex Dujardin and Hupd (nomen nudum), P. H. 

 Carpenter, trachygaster Liitken (nomen nudum), P. H. Carpenter, intricata (part) 

 Liitken (nomen nudum), Hartlaub, mertensi Grube, armata (Semper, MS.) W. B. and 

 P. H. Carpenter, polymorpha P. H. Carpenter, meyeri P. H. Carpenter, mutabilis (Liit- 

 ken, MS.) von Graff (nomen nudum), P. H. Carpenter, elongata P. H. Carpenter, 

 simplex P. H. Carpenter, quadrata P. H. Carpenter, guttata (Liitken, MS.) Hartlaub, 

 orientalis A. H. Clark, and helianthus A. H. Clark. 



The records which I gave are in the present work allocated as follows : Coman- 

 theria imbricata, off the Goto Islands; Comaster tenella, Singapore, April 16, 1907 (7); 

 Comanthus samoana, ?Australia; Comanthus timorensis, Fiji, Singapore, November 

 27, 1907 (1); Comanthus parvicirra, Tonga Islands, Nicobar Islands, China Sea, near 

 the Pescadores Islands, and Singapore, except for the 8 specimens listed above. 



The identity of parvicirra and rotalaria as described by Carpenter and the 

 artificial nature of the Valida group was further discussed. 



In 1910 I examined the crinoids in the Paris Museum, and in a paper on the 

 crinoids of the coasts of Africa published in March, 1911, I stated that the types of 

 Lamarck's Comatula rotalaria did not represent Carpenter's Actinometra rotalaria, but 

 instead were conspecific with Carpenter's Actinometra jukesii and with Bell's Actino- 

 metra paucicirra. The name rotalaria not being available for this species, I adopted 

 the name parvicirra. 



A study of the material in the European museums had shown that the South 

 African specimens represented a form which was abundantly distinct from parvicirra, 

 and this I recognized under the name of Comanthus (Bennettia) wahlbergii. 



Comanthus (Validia) parvicirra was recorded from the Seychelles, and I remarked 

 that in the Berlin Museum I had seen some immature comatulids from the Seychelles 

 and some others from the Red Sea that may belong to this species. The former repre- 

 sent in reality Comissia ignota and the latter Comissia hartmeyeri. As Comanthus, 

 sp., I recorded specimens from Madagascar and Mauritius which I remarked are very 

 close to, if not, C. parvicirra. 



