274 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE ORGANISM 



Acts of volition are said thus to originate in random 

 movements of the new-born infant: certain of these 

 accidental motions which happen to relieve some pain or 

 to afford some pleasure are " remembered," and are used 

 another time quite consciously to bring forth what is liked 

 or to remove what is disliked. So much for the present 

 on a very difficult subject, which will occupy us next year 

 at much greater length. It is clear that at least three 

 fundamental phenomena are concerned in this theory of 

 the origin of acts of volition : the liking and disliking, the 

 keeping in mind, and the volition itself. The real act of 

 volition, indeed, is always based upon a connection of all 

 these factors, these factors now being connected in such a 

 way that even their kind of connection may be said to be 

 a fourth fundamental principle. In order that the particular 

 effect may be obtained which is wanted because it is liked, 

 the possible ways leading to it, which appeared among 

 the random movements in the very beginning, are now 

 regarded as " means " and may now be said to be " used." 

 But that is as much as to say that the " means " are judged 

 with respect to their usefulness for the actual purpose, and 

 therefore judgment is the fourth foundation of the act of 

 volition. 



In fact, Pauly does not hesitate to attribute judgment, 

 along with the other pyschological elements, to the organisms 

 whilst undergoing their transformation. There has been 

 formed, for instance, by accidental variation some pigment 

 which by its chemical nature brings the organism into a 

 closer connection with the light of the medium ; the 

 individual likes that, keeps the pigment for itself and pro- 

 duces it again in the next generation ; and indeed it will 



