24 THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



distinguishing features of Neandertal man, that it was fully 

 conceded that they represented a race, and that the character- 

 istics which they exhibited were diagnostic. Later finds, 

 though not in chronological order, have been made at the 

 following places : 



Le Moustier, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, La Ferrassie, La 

 Quina, and Pech de 1'Aze, France; Banolas, Spain; La Nau- 

 lette in the Lesse Valley, Belgium; Ehringsdorf near Weimar, 

 Germany; Krapina, Austria. 



The anatomical features of the Neandertal race are now 

 very well known, largely through the very detailed studies of 

 Professor Marcelin Boule on the material from La Chapelle- 

 aux-Saints in the Paris Museum. Homo neandertalensis was 

 of low stature, hardly exceeding five feet three inches for the 

 males and less for the females. The posture was not fully 

 erect, 4 as shown by the curved thigh bones, slighter cervical 

 flexure of the spine, and the position of the foramen magnum 

 of the skull. The head was borne on the immensely muscular 

 neck in such a way that the face was thrust forward in an ape- 

 like manner, thus lacking the delicate poise which it would 

 possess were the carriage more fully erect. 



The skeleton of Neandertal man is peculiar, not alone in 

 the slight cervical flexure of the vertebral column and in the 

 presence of curvature in the thigh, but in the enlarged articula- 

 tion of the limbs, with knee and hip joints somewhat bent, and 

 in the peculiarly rounded ribs, all of which point to a clumsy, 

 shuffling, loose-jointed being of great muscular power. The 

 distal segments of the limbs are relatively short, in marked 

 contrast with those of the great man of Cro-Magnon described 

 below. 



The skull of Neandertal man is very large, with a cranial 



4 Careful studies of the specimens by Doctor McGregor, as yet unpublished, 

 seem to indicate that the posture of Neandertal man was probably no less erect 

 than that of some slouching modern types. 



