1 6 THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



done an admirable bust based on the most careful detailed 

 study (see Frontispiece). 3 



Pithecanthropus was found associated with twenty-four or 

 more species of mammals, all of which are now extinct and 

 whose affiliations are distinctly Pliocene. Gregory (1921, 

 page 69 1 , Fig. 270) shows this ancient relic as of upper Siwalik 

 age (Pliocene). Dubois considered its assignment to late 

 Pliocene and therefore equivalent to the Cromer forest beds 

 of England (see infra}. Keith describes its geologic occur- 

 rence as follows: under the fossiliferous bed is a stratum of 

 conglomerate, then a layer of clay laid down in quiet muddy 

 water, under the clay a marine deposit containing early Plio- 

 cene fossil shells corresponding to the "Crag" of East Anglia. 

 Over the fossil beds containing Pithecanthropus are stratified 

 deposits forty-five feet in thickness, recalling the Mauer sands 

 (see page 17). In terms of years, a conservative estimate 

 would give to Pithecanthropus an age of 400,000 to 500,000, 

 or in round numbers approximately half a million years. 



Heidelberg Man (Homo (P ale anthr opus} heidelbergensis} 



The jaw upon which this species is based bears the unique 

 distinction of having caused no controversy whatever among 

 anthropologists, for the absolute perfection of the specimen, 

 the stratigraphic position, and the circumstances of its dis- 

 covery leave no ground at all for doubt or dispute. It came 

 to its fortunate discoverer, Doctor Otto Schoetensack, as the 

 just reward of some twenty years of patient scrutiny and 

 expectation. It was found at Mauer in southern Germany in 

 1907. This little village lies in the valley of the Elsenz, a tribu- 

 tary of the more famous Neckar, and at a distance of ten 



3 See Lull, "Organic evolution," Macmillan, 1917, PI. XXX, Fig. A. Mc- 

 Gregor's restorations, and those of Rutot, are reproduced in Osborn's "Men of 

 the Old Stone Age." Rutot's are also to be found in "Prehistoric man and his 

 story," by G. F. Scott Elliot, Seeley, Service & Co., 1915. 



