﻿196 
  ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOUR 
  

  

  shows 
  control 
  and 
  selection. 
  It 
  may 
  profit 
  by 
  experience, 
  

   even 
  though 
  it 
  has 
  no 
  brain. 
  

  

  The 
  sea-anemone 
  AniJioldba, 
  reticulata, 
  described 
  by 
  

   Burger, 
  usually 
  lives 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  of 
  a 
  crab. 
  If 
  it 
  be 
  re- 
  

   moved 
  it 
  fixes 
  itself 
  to 
  the 
  stony 
  floor 
  of 
  the 
  sea 
  and 
  spreads 
  

   its 
  tentacles, 
  biding 
  its 
  time. 
  After 
  four 
  or 
  five 
  days 
  it 
  

   frees 
  itself 
  and 
  turns 
  upside 
  down. 
  Now 
  if 
  the 
  upturned 
  

   base 
  of 
  the 
  sea-anemone 
  be 
  touched 
  by 
  a 
  crab's 
  leg, 
  it 
  lays 
  

   hold, 
  folding 
  itself 
  about 
  the 
  limb. 
  " 
  It 
  now, 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  

   of 
  several 
  hours, 
  climbs 
  up 
  the 
  crab's 
  leg 
  to 
  its 
  back, 
  where 
  

   it 
  establishes 
  itself. 
  The 
  sea-anemone 
  thus 
  by 
  its 
  own 
  activ- 
  

   ity 
  attains 
  the 
  extraordinary 
  situation 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  usually 
  

   found. 
  The 
  whole 
  train 
  of 
  action 
  is 
  like 
  that 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  

   complicated 
  and 
  adaptive 
  instincts 
  of 
  higher 
  animals 
  ' 
  

   (Jennings, 
  p. 
  197). 
  

  

  As 
  the 
  type-case 
  of 
  what 
  we 
  propose 
  to 
  call 
  simply 
  organis- 
  

   mal 
  behaviour 
  (or 
  perhaps 
  sensori-motor 
  behaviour), 
  we 
  take 
  

   the 
  attack 
  which 
  the 
  brainless, 
  ganglionless 
  starfish 
  makes 
  

   on 
  the 
  brainless, 
  ganglionless 
  sea-urchin 
  (see 
  Prouho, 
  1890). 
  

   The 
  starfish 
  lays 
  an 
  arm 
  upon 
  the 
  spinose 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  

   sea-urchin 
  and 
  grips 
  with 
  its 
  suctorial 
  tube-feet. 
  The 
  sea- 
  

   urchin 
  responds 
  by 
  biting 
  with 
  its 
  numerous 
  snapping 
  organs 
  

   or 
  pedicellariae 
  which 
  close 
  on 
  the 
  tube-feet. 
  The 
  starfish 
  

   then 
  draws 
  away 
  an 
  arm, 
  wrenching 
  off 
  the 
  pedicellarise. 
  

   It 
  repeats 
  the 
  process 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  or 
  another 
  arm 
  until 
  the 
  

   sea-urchin 
  is 
  cleared 
  of 
  its 
  weapons. 
  The 
  starfish 
  then 
  pro- 
  

   trudes 
  a 
  portion 
  of 
  its 
  highly 
  elastic 
  stomach 
  over 
  its 
  victim, 
  

   and 
  the 
  business 
  is 
  over. 
  Now 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  items 
  in 
  the 
  pro- 
  

   cedure 
  are 
  probably 
  purely 
  reflex, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  attachment 
  

   of 
  the 
  tube-feet, 
  but 
  the 
  point 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  starfish 
  exhibits 
  a 
  

   chain 
  of 
  actions, 
  certainly 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  least 
  resistance, 
  

   which 
  are 
  mutually 
  adjusted 
  or 
  correlated 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  way 
  

  

  