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  ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOR 
  

  

  instinctive 
  behaviour 
  differs 
  from 
  intelligent 
  behaviour 
  in 
  

   the 
  rigidity 
  of 
  the 
  routine 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  awareness 
  

   of 
  the 
  end 
  to 
  be 
  attained. 
  In 
  intelligent 
  behaviour, 
  as 
  we 
  

   know 
  it 
  in 
  ourselves, 
  there 
  is 
  an 
  awareness 
  of 
  ends 
  as 
  ends, 
  

   and 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  power 
  of 
  adapting 
  old 
  means 
  to 
  new 
  ends. 
  

   But 
  it 
  is 
  only 
  by 
  an 
  argument 
  from 
  analogy 
  that 
  we 
  can 
  

   speak 
  about 
  absence 
  or 
  presence 
  of 
  awareness, 
  and 
  even 
  in 
  

   intelligent 
  behaviour 
  the 
  degree 
  of 
  awareness 
  varies 
  greatly 
  

   in 
  intensity. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  Professor 
  Bergson, 
  instinct 
  and 
  intelligence 
  

   differ 
  in 
  kind 
  and 
  have 
  evolved 
  on 
  divergent 
  paths. 
  The 
  ways 
  

   of 
  ants 
  and 
  bees 
  cannot 
  be 
  described 
  as 
  intelligent. 
  As 
  Prof. 
  

   H. 
  Wildon 
  Carr 
  puts 
  it, 
  " 
  the 
  fundamental 
  difference 
  lies 
  

   in 
  the 
  mode 
  of 
  apprehension 
  of 
  reality, 
  and 
  the 
  kind 
  of 
  

   knowledge 
  that 
  serves 
  the 
  activity 
  of 
  each 
  ". 
  " 
  We 
  can 
  

   never 
  know 
  what 
  this 
  instinctive 
  knowledge 
  is." 
  But 
  we 
  

   may 
  approach 
  it 
  sympathetically 
  in 
  our 
  power 
  of 
  intuition 
  

   " 
  a 
  direct 
  vision 
  of 
  reality 
  that 
  is 
  not 
  clothed, 
  so 
  to 
  speak, 
  

   with 
  the 
  categories 
  of 
  the 
  understanding 
  ". 
  " 
  This 
  reality 
  

   is 
  the 
  living 
  activity 
  itself 
  apprehended 
  as 
  a 
  real 
  duration." 
  

  

  One 
  of 
  the 
  fundamental 
  sentences 
  in 
  UEvolution 
  Creatrice 
  

   is 
  this: 
  " 
  The 
  cardinal 
  error 
  which, 
  from 
  Aristotle 
  onwards, 
  

   has 
  vitiated 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  philosophies 
  of 
  nature 
  is 
  to 
  see 
  in 
  

   vegetative, 
  instinctive, 
  and 
  rational 
  life 
  three 
  successive 
  

   degrees 
  of 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  one 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  tendency, 
  

   whereas 
  they 
  are 
  three 
  divergent 
  directions 
  of 
  an 
  activity 
  

   that 
  has 
  split 
  up 
  as 
  it 
  evolved. 
  The 
  difference 
  between 
  them 
  

   is 
  not 
  a 
  difference 
  of 
  intensity, 
  nor, 
  more 
  generally, 
  of 
  degree, 
  

   but 
  of 
  kind." 
  To 
  this, 
  M. 
  Bergson 
  has, 
  indeed, 
  immediately 
  

   to 
  add 
  that 
  intelligence 
  and 
  instinct 
  are 
  rarely 
  to 
  be 
  caught 
  

   pure, 
  for 
  instinct 
  is 
  often 
  accompanied 
  by 
  gleams 
  of 
  intelli- 
  

   gence 
  (seen, 
  for 
  instance, 
  when 
  hive-bees 
  nest 
  in 
  the 
  open 
  

  

  