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  ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOUR 
  

  

  But 
  while 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  hierarchy 
  of 
  activities, 
  the 
  diverse 
  modes 
  

   often 
  overlap. 
  Just 
  as 
  the 
  surface 
  relief 
  of 
  a 
  countryside 
  

   may 
  show 
  in 
  one 
  feature 
  the 
  outcrop 
  of 
  various 
  strata 
  of 
  

   very 
  different 
  geological 
  age, 
  so 
  in 
  an 
  animal's 
  behaviour 
  

   there 
  is 
  often 
  a 
  mingling 
  of 
  different 
  kinds 
  of 
  activities 
  uni- 
  

   fied 
  in 
  a 
  way 
  that 
  baffles 
  analysis. 
  Instinct 
  concatenates 
  re- 
  

   flexes, 
  and 
  intelligence 
  catches 
  up 
  tropisms. 
  Instinctive 
  

   capacities 
  may 
  form 
  a 
  basis 
  for 
  an 
  advance 
  in 
  intelligence 
  ; 
  

   and 
  intelligently 
  controlled 
  behaviour 
  may 
  sink 
  into 
  habit. 
  

   We 
  have 
  to 
  distinguish 
  in 
  general 
  (a) 
  the 
  ingrained 
  or 
  en- 
  

   tailed 
  hereditary 
  capacities 
  of 
  responding 
  effectively 
  to 
  cer- 
  

   tain 
  stimuli, 
  circumstances, 
  and 
  situations; 
  (&) 
  the 
  indi- 
  

   vidual 
  tentatives, 
  selections, 
  adjustments, 
  and 
  ' 
  learning 
  ' 
  

   which 
  seem 
  to 
  many 
  to 
  imply 
  some 
  degree 
  of 
  awareness 
  or 
  

   pre-awareness 
  and 
  some 
  conative 
  element; 
  and 
  (c) 
  the 
  in- 
  

   dividual 
  retention 
  and 
  registration 
  of 
  experience 
  which 
  facil- 
  

   itates 
  for 
  the 
  individual 
  the 
  rapid 
  repetition 
  of 
  effective 
  

   reactions. 
  

  

  Our 
  survey 
  suggests 
  some 
  general 
  impressions: 
  (1) 
  The 
  

   first 
  is 
  a 
  deepening 
  of 
  rational 
  wonder 
  before 
  the 
  extraordi- 
  

   nary 
  variety 
  of 
  ways 
  in 
  which 
  living 
  creatures 
  express 
  them- 
  

   selves, 
  assert 
  themselves, 
  enjoy 
  themselves, 
  and 
  bend 
  the 
  

   Titan 
  of 
  the 
  inorganic 
  to 
  their 
  indomitable 
  endeavour. 
  An 
  

   unsophisticated 
  but 
  shrewd 
  observer 
  of 
  Nature 
  once 
  said 
  that 
  

   he 
  could 
  not 
  understand 
  a 
  man 
  intelligently 
  watching 
  an 
  ant- 
  

   hill 
  and 
  remaining 
  irreligious. 
  

  

  (2) 
  The 
  second 
  is 
  an 
  impression 
  of 
  the 
  pervasiveness 
  of 
  

   a 
  kind 
  of 
  behaviour 
  which, 
  considered 
  objectively, 
  is 
  closely 
  

   analogous 
  to 
  what 
  we 
  know 
  in 
  our 
  case 
  to 
  be 
  associated 
  with 
  

   intelligent 
  control. 
  The 
  inference, 
  which 
  does 
  not 
  admit 
  

   of 
  direct 
  verification, 
  is 
  that 
  consciousness 
  in 
  some 
  form 
  is 
  

   pervasive. 
  We 
  cannot 
  well 
  describe 
  the 
  behaviour 
  of 
  even 
  

  

  