﻿ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOUR 
  223 
  

  

  haviour 
  of 
  higher 
  animals. 
  They 
  show 
  a 
  ' 
  trial-and-error 
  ' 
  

   method, 
  a 
  selection 
  of 
  regulatory 
  responses, 
  and, 
  for 
  a 
  short 
  time 
  at 
  

   least, 
  a 
  profiting 
  by 
  experience. 
  There 
  is 
  experimenting 
  below 
  the 
  

   level 
  of 
  perceptual 
  inference. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  more 
  complex 
  animals 
  there 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  two 
  distinct 
  

   modes 
  of 
  effective 
  behaviour, 
  namely, 
  instinctive 
  and 
  intelligent 
  be- 
  

   haviour. 
  The 
  former 
  finds 
  its 
  finest 
  expression 
  in 
  the 
  ' 
  little 
  brain 
  ' 
  

   types, 
  such 
  as 
  ants, 
  bees, 
  and 
  wasps 
  ; 
  the 
  latter 
  in 
  the 
  ' 
  big 
  brain 
  ' 
  

   types, 
  such 
  as 
  birds 
  and 
  mammals. 
  Each 
  mode 
  has 
  its 
  excellencies 
  

   and 
  its 
  limitations. 
  

  

  Instinctive 
  behaviour 
  agrees 
  with 
  reflex 
  action 
  in 
  being 
  dependent 
  

   on 
  a 
  hereditary 
  nervous 
  predisposition 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  species, 
  

   but 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  concatenated 
  series 
  of 
  correlated 
  acts 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  crea- 
  

   ture. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  hereditary 
  awareness 
  of 
  the 
  practical 
  significance 
  

   of 
  certain 
  things 
  and 
  configurations, 
  and 
  a 
  hereditary 
  impulsion 
  

   to 
  a 
  precise 
  routine. 
  The 
  capacity 
  may 
  be 
  improved 
  by 
  experience, 
  

   but 
  it 
  is 
  to 
  some 
  degree 
  independent 
  of 
  individual 
  learning. 
  It 
  

   is 
  not 
  experimental, 
  inferential, 
  or 
  reflective 
  like 
  intelligent 
  be- 
  

   haviour, 
  and 
  has 
  very 
  striking 
  limitations. 
  It 
  is 
  often 
  linked 
  with 
  

   intelligence, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  * 
  big 
  brain 
  ' 
  types, 
  such 
  as 
  birds. 
  

  

  As 
  regards 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  instinct, 
  there 
  are 
  three 
  main 
  theories 
  

   at 
  present 
  in 
  the 
  field, 
  between 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  too 
  soon 
  to 
  decide 
  dog- 
  

   matically. 
  (A) 
  Some 
  investigators 
  rank 
  instinctive 
  behaviour 
  near 
  

   reflex 
  actions, 
  as 
  due 
  to 
  non-cognitive 
  hereditary 
  predispositions 
  to 
  

   follow 
  out 
  a 
  certain 
  routine 
  when 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  triggers 
  are 
  pulled. 
  

   (B) 
  Others 
  regard 
  instinctive 
  behaviour 
  as 
  quite 
  inseparable 
  from 
  

   intelligent 
  behaviour. 
  (C) 
  According 
  to 
  others, 
  instinct 
  and 
  in- 
  

   telligence 
  are 
  two 
  radically 
  different, 
  though 
  often 
  co-operative, 
  

   kinds 
  of 
  knowing, 
  which 
  have 
  evolved 
  along 
  divergent 
  lines. 
  

  

  Among 
  birds 
  and 
  mammals, 
  in 
  particular, 
  there 
  is 
  evidence 
  of 
  

   intelligent 
  behaviour. 
  It 
  implies, 
  objectively, 
  some 
  ' 
  trial-and- 
  

   error 
  ' 
  experiments 
  and 
  profiting 
  thereby. 
  It 
  implies, 
  subjectively, 
  

   some 
  perceptual 
  inference. 
  It 
  is 
  reflective 
  as 
  contrasted 
  with 
  in- 
  

   stinctive. 
  

  

  As 
  is 
  well 
  known, 
  a 
  secondary 
  simplicity 
  often 
  comes 
  about 
  in 
  the 
  

   individual 
  lifetime, 
  when 
  what 
  originally 
  required 
  attentive 
  selection 
  

   and 
  detailed 
  control 
  becomes 
  habitual. 
  But 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  known 
  to 
  

   what 
  extent, 
  if 
  any, 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  habituation 
  can 
  be 
  entailed 
  on 
  

   the 
  offspring. 
  It 
  seems 
  at 
  present 
  improbable 
  that 
  instincts 
  can 
  

   arise 
  in 
  this 
  way. 
  Yet, 
  as 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  later 
  on, 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  tactics 
  of 
  Animate 
  Nature 
  to 
  economise 
  mental 
  activity 
  

  

  