﻿THE 
  PROBLEM 
  OF 
  BODY 
  AND 
  MIND 
  249 
  

  

  about 
  has 
  always 
  been 
  simultaneous 
  progress 
  in 
  the 
  expres- 
  

   sion 
  of 
  both 
  aspects 
  more 
  intricate 
  bodies 
  with 
  their 
  

   counterpart 
  in 
  subtler 
  behaviour, 
  a 
  growing 
  mentality 
  and 
  

   its 
  counterpart 
  in 
  a 
  more 
  complex 
  brain-life. 
  

  

  Objections 
  to 
  the 
  Two-Aspect 
  Theory. 
  (1) 
  It 
  has 
  been 
  ob- 
  

   jected 
  that 
  the 
  phrase 
  " 
  two 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  process 
  " 
  is 
  

   unmeaning 
  when 
  forced 
  upon 
  the 
  psycho-physical 
  relation, 
  

   where 
  we 
  have 
  to 
  deal 
  with 
  sequences 
  of 
  radically 
  different 
  

   orders, 
  " 
  apprehended 
  in 
  two 
  radically 
  different 
  ways, 
  the 
  

   one 
  by 
  sense-perception, 
  the 
  other 
  by 
  reflective 
  introspection 
  ". 
  

   Fechner 
  spoke 
  of 
  the 
  view 
  of 
  a 
  sphere 
  from 
  the 
  inside 
  and 
  

   from 
  the 
  outside 
  being 
  two 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  thing, 
  but 
  

   in 
  that 
  case 
  the 
  one 
  gives 
  us 
  the 
  other, 
  whereas 
  we 
  cannot 
  

   in 
  the 
  least 
  degree 
  deduce 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  psychical 
  from 
  

   an 
  observation 
  of 
  the 
  physical, 
  or 
  contrariwise. 
  But 
  this 
  

   objection 
  states 
  a 
  false 
  case, 
  for 
  the 
  postulate 
  of 
  the 
  identity 
  

   hypotheses 
  is 
  that 
  there 
  never 
  are 
  two 
  events, 
  but 
  always 
  

   only 
  one. 
  We 
  must 
  not 
  think 
  of 
  two 
  disparate 
  series, 
  one 
  

   teleological, 
  implying 
  a 
  purposive 
  selective 
  unity, 
  and 
  the 
  

   other 
  mechanical, 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  refined 
  and 
  complicated 
  or- 
  

   ganisation 
  of 
  the 
  nervous 
  system 
  ; 
  we 
  must 
  think 
  of 
  one 
  

   series 
  fundamentally 
  purposive 
  and 
  in 
  its 
  higher 
  reaches 
  

   consciously 
  purposeful. 
  As 
  Bain 
  put 
  it, 
  " 
  The 
  line 
  of 
  

   causal 
  sequence 
  is 
  not 
  mind 
  causing 
  body, 
  and 
  body 
  causing 
  

   mind, 
  but 
  mind-body 
  giving 
  birth 
  to 
  mind-body." 
  From 
  a 
  

   very 
  different 
  starting-point 
  Samuel 
  Butler 
  said 
  almost 
  the 
  

   same 
  thing: 
  " 
  The 
  idea 
  of 
  a 
  soul, 
  or 
  of 
  that 
  unknown 
  

   something 
  for 
  which 
  the 
  word 
  * 
  soul 
  7 
  is 
  our 
  hieroglyphic, 
  

   and 
  the 
  idea 
  of 
  living 
  organism 
  unite 
  so 
  spontaneously, 
  and 
  

   stick 
  together 
  so 
  inseparably, 
  that 
  no 
  matter 
  how 
  often 
  we 
  

   sunder 
  them 
  they 
  will 
  elude 
  our 
  vigilance 
  and 
  come 
  together, 
  

   like 
  true 
  lovers, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  us." 
  

  

  