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  THE 
  ISSUES 
  OF 
  LIFE 
  

  

  Darwin's 
  ' 
  metaphorical 
  phrase 
  ', 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  existence, 
  

   in 
  any 
  sense 
  that 
  would 
  make 
  it 
  a 
  justification 
  of 
  war 
  be- 
  

   tween 
  nations. 
  It 
  is 
  my 
  business 
  just 
  now 
  to 
  refute 
  a 
  mis- 
  

   conception 
  of 
  the 
  struggle 
  rather 
  than 
  to 
  explain 
  what 
  it 
  is. 
  

   But, 
  if 
  the 
  latter 
  were 
  my 
  task, 
  I 
  could 
  adduce 
  from 
  the 
  

   writings 
  of 
  Darwin 
  himself, 
  and 
  from 
  those 
  of 
  later 
  natu- 
  

   ralists, 
  a 
  thousand 
  instances 
  taken 
  from 
  the 
  Animal 
  King- 
  

   dom 
  in 
  which 
  success 
  has 
  come 
  about 
  by 
  means 
  analogous 
  

   with 
  the 
  cultivation 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  peaceful 
  arts, 
  the 
  raising 
  

   of 
  the 
  intelligence, 
  and 
  the 
  heightening 
  of 
  the 
  emotions 
  

   of 
  love 
  and 
  pity" 
  (1915, 
  p. 
  41). 
  

  

  Second, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  one 
  hundred 
  and 
  fifty 
  definitions 
  

   of 
  war, 
  we 
  may 
  venture 
  to 
  regard 
  the 
  essence 
  of 
  it 
  as 
  an 
  

   organised 
  flesh 
  and 
  blood 
  struggle 
  between 
  communities 
  or 
  

   nationalities, 
  and 
  if 
  this 
  be 
  so 
  its 
  analogue 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  looked 
  

   for 
  in 
  the 
  quite 
  exceptional 
  group-competition 
  which 
  some- 
  

   times 
  occurs 
  among 
  some 
  social 
  insects, 
  notably 
  among 
  ants, 
  

   and 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  competitive 
  forms 
  of 
  the 
  struggle 
  which 
  may 
  

   occur 
  between 
  individual 
  animals 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  species. 
  

  

  Third, 
  as 
  Dr. 
  Chalmers 
  Mitchell 
  points 
  out, 
  the 
  fallacious 
  

   comparison 
  between 
  human 
  warfare 
  and 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  

   existence 
  breaks 
  down 
  because 
  " 
  modern 
  nations 
  are 
  not 
  

   units 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  order 
  as 
  the 
  units 
  of 
  the 
  animal 
  and 
  

   vegetable 
  kingdom' 
  (p. 
  108). 
  Nationalities 
  " 
  differ 
  from 
  

   the 
  units 
  of 
  zoology 
  and 
  botany 
  in 
  that 
  the 
  individuals 
  

   composing 
  them 
  are 
  not 
  united 
  by 
  blood-relationship. 
  Even 
  

   if 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  existence 
  were 
  the 
  sole 
  law 
  that 
  had 
  shaped 
  

   and 
  trimmed 
  the 
  tree 
  of 
  life, 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  necessarily 
  apply 
  

   to 
  the 
  political 
  communities 
  of 
  men, 
  for 
  these 
  cohere 
  not 
  

   because 
  of 
  common 
  descent 
  but 
  because 
  of 
  bonds 
  that 
  are 
  

   peculiar 
  to 
  the 
  human 
  race 
  ' 
  (p. 
  64) 
  . 
  

  

  The 
  appeal 
  to 
  human 
  history, 
  which 
  the 
  militarists 
  make 
  

  

  