﻿ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOUR 
  197 
  

  

  that 
  they 
  bring 
  about 
  an 
  end. 
  How 
  the 
  conative 
  bow 
  of 
  

   the 
  starfish 
  was 
  bent 
  towards 
  that 
  end 
  and 
  kept 
  towards 
  

   that 
  end, 
  who 
  shall 
  tell 
  us, 
  but 
  that 
  we 
  have 
  here 
  to 
  do 
  with 
  

   behaviour 
  seems 
  undeniable. 
  It 
  appears 
  to 
  us 
  to 
  be 
  an 
  

   important 
  fact 
  that 
  ganglionless 
  animals 
  show 
  a 
  trial-and- 
  

   error 
  method, 
  a 
  selection 
  of 
  the 
  responses 
  that 
  put 
  things 
  

   right, 
  and 
  for 
  a 
  short 
  time, 
  at 
  least, 
  a 
  profiting 
  by 
  experience. 
  

   We 
  cannot 
  call 
  this 
  intelligent 
  behaviour, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  objec- 
  

   tively 
  the 
  counterpart 
  of 
  intelligent 
  behaviour. 
  

  

  This 
  stage 
  in 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  behaviour 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  to 
  

   mark 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  events 
  in 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  life. 
  As 
  the 
  

   organism 
  became 
  more 
  differentiated 
  it 
  was 
  open 
  to 
  a 
  larger 
  

   number 
  of 
  stimuli; 
  as 
  it 
  gained 
  a 
  foothold 
  in 
  particular 
  

   situations 
  " 
  the 
  door 
  to 
  choice 
  was 
  unlocked 
  " 
  ; 
  as 
  experience 
  

   began 
  to 
  be 
  garnered 
  it 
  became 
  possible 
  for 
  an 
  internal 
  im- 
  

   pulse 
  to 
  control 
  the 
  natural 
  reaction 
  to 
  a 
  stimulus. 
  This 
  

   was 
  the 
  dawn 
  of 
  freedom. 
  

  

  8. 
  Instinctive 
  Behaviour. 
  

  

  When 
  a 
  spider 
  makes 
  a 
  web 
  or 
  the 
  bees 
  a 
  honeycomb, 
  

   when 
  a 
  digger-wasp 
  paralyses 
  insects 
  and 
  stores 
  them 
  in 
  its 
  

   burrow 
  as 
  provender 
  for 
  its 
  offspring, 
  when 
  a 
  male 
  stickle- 
  

   back 
  builds 
  a 
  nest, 
  when 
  a 
  young 
  moorhen 
  swims 
  deftly 
  the 
  

   first 
  time 
  it 
  touches 
  the 
  water, 
  we 
  have 
  to 
  deal 
  with 
  instinc- 
  

   tive 
  behaviour. 
  It 
  reaches 
  its 
  climax 
  and 
  its 
  purest 
  expres- 
  

   sion 
  in 
  Arthropods, 
  such 
  as 
  ants, 
  bees, 
  and 
  wasps 
  ; 
  in 
  birds 
  

   and 
  mammals 
  it 
  is 
  more 
  likely 
  to 
  occur 
  in 
  co-operation 
  with 
  

   intelligence. 
  

  

  There 
  seems 
  indeed 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  sharp 
  contrast 
  between 
  what 
  

   Sir 
  Kay 
  Lankester 
  calls 
  the 
  big 
  brain 
  type, 
  which 
  reaches 
  its 
  

   finest 
  development 
  in 
  birds 
  and 
  mammals, 
  and 
  the 
  little 
  brain 
  

   type, 
  the 
  climax 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  in 
  ants, 
  bees, 
  and 
  wasps. 
  The 
  

  

  