﻿ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOUR 
  205 
  

  

  organism 
  as 
  a 
  whole 
  and 
  in 
  requiring 
  (with 
  few 
  exceptions) 
  

   an 
  intact 
  nervous 
  system. 
  It 
  differs 
  also 
  in 
  sometimes 
  hav- 
  

   ing 
  some 
  measure 
  of 
  plasticity 
  or 
  of 
  variability, 
  which 
  is 
  

   quite 
  unknown 
  in 
  reflex 
  actions. 
  It 
  differs 
  also 
  inasmuch 
  

   as 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  always 
  consist 
  of 
  acts 
  soon 
  over 
  and 
  done 
  

   with 
  and 
  attaining 
  a 
  result 
  useful 
  in 
  itself; 
  it 
  is 
  often 
  a 
  

   unified 
  many-linked 
  concatenation 
  of 
  acts, 
  working 
  towards 
  

   a 
  distant 
  result. 
  In 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  chains 
  of 
  instinctive 
  be- 
  

   haviour 
  connected 
  with 
  parenthood, 
  the 
  end 
  is 
  very 
  remote, 
  

   sometimes 
  never 
  experienced 
  ; 
  and 
  making 
  a 
  dark 
  burrow 
  

   in 
  a 
  bank 
  can 
  hardly 
  be 
  its 
  own 
  reward. 
  To 
  describe 
  in- 
  

   stinctive 
  behaviour 
  as 
  nothing 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  intri- 
  

   cately 
  dovetailed 
  reflex 
  actions 
  suggests 
  a 
  false 
  simplicity 
  

   slurring 
  over 
  the 
  characteristic 
  unification 
  or 
  concatenation. 
  

   Considered 
  physiologically, 
  instinctive 
  behaviour 
  is 
  based 
  

   on 
  neuro-muscular 
  prearrangements, 
  but 
  to 
  many 
  naturalists 
  

   it 
  seems 
  impossible 
  to 
  do 
  descriptive 
  justice 
  to 
  what 
  takes 
  

   place 
  without 
  supposing 
  that 
  the 
  behaviour 
  is 
  suffused 
  with 
  

   awareness 
  and 
  sustained 
  by. 
  endeavour. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  Prof. 
  W. 
  McDougall, 
  the 
  higher 
  or 
  more 
  

   complex 
  instinctive 
  activities 
  are 
  much 
  more 
  than 
  compound 
  

   reflexes. 
  They 
  are 
  induced 
  not 
  by 
  simple 
  sense-impressions 
  

   as 
  reflexes 
  are, 
  but 
  by 
  complex 
  groups 
  of 
  sense-stimuli, 
  such 
  

   as 
  some 
  scene. 
  Thus 
  insects 
  visiting 
  flowers 
  show 
  " 
  a 
  total 
  

   complex 
  reaction 
  to 
  a 
  total 
  complex 
  sense-impression 
  ". 
  

   There 
  is 
  meaning 
  or 
  significance 
  in 
  it 
  ; 
  and 
  a 
  sustaining 
  cona- 
  

   tion 
  or 
  endeavour. 
  

  

  Prof. 
  Lloyd 
  Morgan 
  holds 
  an 
  interesting 
  view 
  which 
  

   seems 
  more 
  applicable 
  to 
  the 
  * 
  big 
  brain 
  ' 
  than 
  to 
  the 
  ' 
  little 
  

   brain 
  ' 
  type. 
  Instinctive 
  behaviour 
  he 
  regards 
  as 
  physiologi- 
  

   cally 
  akin 
  to 
  reflex 
  action 
  ; 
  it 
  consists 
  of 
  concatenated 
  reac- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  organism. 
  The 
  capacity 
  for 
  this 
  in 
  birds 
  

  

  