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  ANIMAL 
  BEHAVIOUR 
  

  

  and 
  mammals 
  probably 
  has 
  its 
  seat 
  in 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  brain 
  

   below 
  the 
  cerebral 
  cortex. 
  But 
  the 
  lower 
  centres 
  stimulate 
  

   the 
  higher 
  centres 
  and 
  intelligence 
  qualifies 
  the 
  instinctive 
  

   behaviour. 
  

  

  On 
  Prof. 
  Lloyd 
  Morgan's 
  view, 
  intelligent 
  guidance 
  is 
  the 
  

   function 
  of 
  the 
  cerebral 
  cortex 
  with 
  its 
  distinguishing 
  prop- 
  

   erty 
  of 
  consciousness 
  ; 
  the 
  co-ordination 
  involved 
  in 
  instinc- 
  

   tive 
  behaviour, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  physiological 
  im- 
  

   pulses 
  to 
  the 
  viscera 
  and 
  vascular' 
  system 
  is 
  the 
  primary 
  

   function 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  brain-centres 
  ; 
  in 
  instinctive 
  behaviour 
  

   as 
  such, 
  consciousness 
  correlated 
  with 
  processes 
  in 
  the 
  cere- 
  

   bral 
  cortex 
  is, 
  so 
  to 
  speak, 
  a 
  mere 
  spectator 
  of 
  organic 
  and 
  

   biological 
  occurrences 
  at 
  present 
  beyond 
  its 
  control 
  ; 
  but, 
  as 
  

   spectator, 
  it 
  receives 
  information 
  of 
  these 
  occurrences 
  through 
  

   the 
  nerve-channels 
  of 
  connection 
  between 
  the 
  lower 
  and 
  the 
  

   higher 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  brain. 
  Thus 
  instinct 
  and 
  intelligence 
  

   are 
  different 
  organs, 
  but 
  they 
  co-operate, 
  and 
  as 
  intelligence 
  

   is 
  kept 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  informed 
  of 
  the 
  steps 
  of 
  instinctive 
  

   behaviour 
  it 
  is 
  sometimes 
  on 
  the 
  spot 
  to 
  help 
  the 
  animal 
  out 
  

   if 
  some 
  critical 
  situation 
  arise 
  which 
  the 
  routine-behaviour 
  

   cannot 
  meet. 
  

  

  Some 
  who 
  think 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  feasible 
  to 
  interpret 
  instinctive 
  

   behaviour 
  biologically 
  as 
  a 
  concatenation 
  of 
  reflexes 
  are 
  at 
  

   the 
  same 
  time 
  willing 
  to 
  admit 
  that 
  there 
  may 
  be 
  a 
  psychical 
  

   accompaniment 
  which 
  does 
  not 
  rise 
  to 
  the 
  cognitive 
  level. 
  

   Thus 
  Minkiewicz, 
  who 
  has 
  made 
  very 
  important 
  experiments 
  

   on 
  animal 
  behaviour, 
  regards 
  instinctive 
  performance 
  as 
  im- 
  

   plying 
  " 
  a 
  certain 
  low 
  form 
  of 
  unconscious, 
  but 
  none 
  the 
  less 
  

   purposive 
  psychical 
  activity 
  ". 
  

  

  (B) 
  Others 
  regard 
  instinctive 
  behaviour 
  as 
  inseparable 
  

   from 
  intelligent 
  behaviour. 
  Thus 
  Professor 
  Stout 
  regards 
  in- 
  

   stinctive 
  behaviour 
  as 
  being 
  biologically 
  a 
  concatenated 
  series 
  

  

  