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  THE 
  PROBLEM 
  OF 
  BODY 
  AND 
  MIND 
  

  

  Our 
  theory 
  of 
  the 
  relation 
  of 
  mind 
  and 
  body 
  (if 
  it 
  be 
  a 
  

   relation) 
  must 
  be 
  consistent 
  with 
  what 
  we 
  know 
  of 
  individ- 
  

   ual 
  development. 
  The 
  intelligent 
  mammal 
  begins 
  its 
  in- 
  

   dividual 
  life 
  as 
  a 
  pinhead-like 
  cell, 
  and 
  for 
  a 
  long 
  time 
  it 
  

   must 
  be 
  admitted 
  that 
  psychological 
  methods 
  or 
  formula} 
  

   are 
  quite 
  inapplicable. 
  The 
  developing 
  ovum 
  of 
  a 
  rabbit 
  

   (fide 
  Brachet) 
  can 
  go 
  on 
  developing 
  for 
  some 
  time 
  outside 
  of 
  

   the 
  maternal 
  body, 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  self-contained 
  implicit 
  organism. 
  

   We 
  do 
  not 
  understand 
  how 
  it 
  is 
  managed, 
  but 
  it 
  has 
  born 
  

   with 
  it 
  the 
  potentiality 
  of 
  the 
  big 
  brain 
  and 
  the 
  intricate 
  

   behaviour. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  gradual 
  emergence 
  of 
  reflexes, 
  of 
  

   tropisms, 
  of 
  spontaneous 
  exertions, 
  of 
  experiments, 
  of 
  learn- 
  

   ing, 
  of 
  putting 
  two 
  and 
  two 
  together, 
  of 
  clever 
  behaviour 
  

   and, 
  in 
  man, 
  of 
  occasional 
  wisdom. 
  In 
  our 
  own 
  case 
  we 
  are 
  

   sure 
  that 
  as 
  the 
  minute 
  structure 
  of 
  the 
  cerebral 
  cortex 
  in- 
  

   creases 
  in 
  complexity, 
  the 
  child 
  becomes 
  more 
  intelligent 
  ; 
  

   as 
  the 
  child 
  becomes 
  more 
  intelligent, 
  the 
  cerebral 
  cortex 
  

   increases 
  in 
  complexity. 
  Not 
  a 
  single 
  nerve-cell 
  is 
  added 
  

   after 
  birth, 
  but 
  the 
  inter-relations 
  between 
  the 
  cells 
  increase 
  

   in 
  number, 
  and 
  the 
  brain 
  becomes 
  a 
  labyrinth. 
  There 
  are 
  

   no 
  new 
  nerve-cells, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  normally 
  no 
  lack 
  of 
  new 
  ideas 
  

   in 
  the 
  growing 
  boy. 
  

  

  (6) 
  Our 
  answer 
  to 
  the 
  body 
  and 
  mind 
  problem 
  must 
  be 
  

   consistent 
  with 
  what 
  we 
  know 
  of 
  the 
  historical 
  facts. 
  In 
  

   the 
  course 
  of 
  evolution 
  the 
  nervous 
  system 
  has 
  become 
  grad- 
  

   ually 
  more 
  complex 
  and 
  behaviour 
  gradually 
  more 
  masterly, 
  

   wider 
  in 
  range, 
  more 
  fertile 
  in 
  resource. 
  We 
  do 
  not 
  wish 
  to 
  

   make 
  too 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  nervous 
  system, 
  for 
  the 
  method 
  of 
  

   trial 
  and 
  error, 
  for 
  instance, 
  is 
  practised 
  by 
  animals 
  with 
  

   no 
  nervous 
  system 
  at 
  all, 
  and 
  a 
  very 
  dennite 
  capacity 
  for 
  

   learning 
  may 
  be 
  exhibited 
  by 
  an 
  animal, 
  like 
  a 
  starfish, 
  

   without 
  a 
  single 
  ganglion 
  in 
  its 
  body. 
  But 
  when 
  we 
  have 
  

  

  