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  THE 
  PROBLEM 
  OF 
  BODY 
  AND 
  MIND 
  

  

  individuality 
  finds 
  a 
  new 
  and 
  finer 
  expression 
  which 
  we 
  

   call 
  Personality. 
  

  

  4. 
  Various 
  Theories 
  of 
  the 
  Relation 
  of 
  f 
  Mind 
  ' 
  and 
  f 
  Body 
  \ 
  

  

  To 
  the 
  question 
  how 
  we 
  are 
  to 
  think 
  of 
  our 
  thought-life 
  

   and 
  our 
  brain-life 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  one 
  another 
  at 
  least 
  seven 
  

   answers 
  have 
  been 
  given, 
  but 
  we 
  need 
  not 
  give 
  all 
  of 
  them 
  

   the 
  same 
  amount 
  of 
  attention. 
  Two 
  of 
  them 
  fall 
  if 
  we 
  

   conclude, 
  as 
  we 
  have 
  done, 
  that 
  mechanistic 
  formulation 
  

   does 
  not 
  give 
  an 
  adequate 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  of 
  organisms. 
  

   These 
  two 
  are 
  (I) 
  thoroughgoing 
  materialism, 
  and 
  its 
  modern 
  

   representative, 
  (II) 
  epiphenomenalism. 
  (I) 
  According 
  to 
  

   thoroughgoing 
  materialism, 
  mind 
  is 
  fictitious 
  and 
  the 
  only 
  

   realities 
  are 
  matter 
  and 
  motion. 
  Sensation, 
  according 
  to 
  

   Hobbes, 
  is 
  nothing 
  but 
  motion; 
  and 
  the 
  brain, 
  according 
  

   to 
  Cabanis, 
  secretes 
  thought 
  as 
  the 
  liver 
  secretes 
  bile. 
  To 
  

   this 
  it 
  may 
  suffice 
  to 
  answer 
  that 
  the 
  mechanical 
  theory 
  of 
  

   organisms 
  breaks 
  down 
  ; 
  that 
  we 
  cannot 
  satisfactorily 
  ex- 
  

   plain 
  our 
  thinking 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  laws 
  of 
  matter 
  and 
  motion 
  

   which 
  are 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  our 
  thinking; 
  and 
  that 
  we 
  cannot 
  

   think 
  clearly 
  to 
  ourselves 
  the 
  proposition 
  that 
  mind 
  is 
  a 
  

   function 
  of 
  the 
  brain, 
  or 
  that 
  the 
  motion 
  of 
  particles 
  produces 
  

   the 
  emotion 
  of 
  joy. 
  

  

  (II) 
  According 
  to 
  Huxley's 
  epiphenomenalism, 
  the 
  

   stream 
  of 
  consciousness 
  is 
  like 
  the 
  chain 
  of 
  foam-bells 
  on 
  

   the 
  river, 
  called 
  into 
  existence 
  by 
  the 
  real 
  physico-chemical 
  

   processes 
  in 
  the 
  brain, 
  and 
  ceasing 
  as 
  these 
  cease. 
  The 
  real 
  

   causal 
  sequence 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  neuroses 
  which 
  are 
  

   assumed 
  to 
  admit 
  of 
  mechanical 
  formulation; 
  the 
  sequence 
  

   of 
  psychoses 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  neuroses, 
  for 
  the 
  elements 
  

   of 
  consciousness 
  have 
  no 
  influence 
  either 
  on 
  one 
  another 
  or 
  

   on 
  the 
  activities 
  of 
  the 
  creature. 
  The 
  psychoses 
  are 
  the 
  

  

  