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  THE 
  PROBLEM 
  OF 
  BODY 
  AND 
  MIND 
  

  

  The 
  t 
  Body 
  and 
  Mind 
  5 
  problem 
  has 
  served 
  to 
  stretch 
  

   man's 
  brains 
  for 
  more 
  than 
  two 
  thousand 
  years, 
  and 
  there 
  

   are 
  many 
  who 
  would 
  abandon 
  it 
  with 
  the 
  word 
  * 
  Ignorabi- 
  

   mus 
  '. 
  But 
  Man 
  will 
  never 
  leave 
  it 
  alone, 
  and 
  the 
  resolute 
  

   endeavour 
  after 
  greater 
  clearness 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  bring 
  its 
  own 
  

   reward 
  even 
  if 
  the 
  riddle 
  remain 
  unread. 
  For 
  the 
  inquiry 
  

   patiently 
  prosecuted 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  lead 
  to 
  a 
  deeper 
  appreciation 
  

   of 
  what 
  we 
  call 
  ' 
  Body 
  ' 
  and 
  of 
  what 
  we 
  call 
  ' 
  Mind 
  '. 
  And 
  

   this 
  deeper 
  appreciation 
  is 
  the 
  practically 
  important 
  result. 
  

  

  SUMMARY. 
  

  

  The 
  approach 
  to 
  the 
  difficult 
  problem 
  of 
  the 
  relation 
  between 
  

   ' 
  body 
  ' 
  and 
  ' 
  mind 
  ' 
  has 
  been 
  cleared 
  (a) 
  by 
  the 
  argument 
  that 
  

   mechanical 
  formulation 
  is 
  inadequate 
  for 
  the 
  description 
  of 
  vital 
  

   activities, 
  and 
  (b) 
  by 
  the 
  recognition 
  of 
  the 
  pervasive 
  role 
  of 
  

   ' 
  mentality 
  ' 
  in 
  Animate 
  Nature. 
  

  

  In 
  any 
  consideration 
  of 
  the 
  problem 
  there 
  must 
  be 
  borne 
  in 
  mind, 
  

   from 
  the 
  biological 
  side, 
  how 
  gradually 
  mind 
  develops 
  in 
  the 
  in- 
  

   dividual, 
  how 
  gradually 
  mind 
  has 
  evolved 
  in 
  the 
  races 
  of 
  animals, 
  

   and 
  how 
  intimately 
  inter-dependent 
  the 
  psychical 
  and 
  neural 
  pro- 
  

   cesses 
  are. 
  Whatever 
  theory 
  is 
  adopted, 
  these 
  facts 
  remain. 
  

  

  In 
  any 
  consideration 
  of 
  the 
  problem 
  there 
  must 
  be 
  borne 
  in 
  mind, 
  

   from 
  the 
  humanist 
  side, 
  the 
  reality 
  of 
  the 
  thought-life, 
  the 
  reality 
  

   of 
  the 
  external 
  spiritual 
  not-self 
  which 
  man 
  has 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  

   of 
  ages 
  built 
  up, 
  and 
  the 
  potency 
  of 
  spiritual 
  values 
  in 
  history 
  and 
  in 
  

   everyday 
  life. 
  Whatever 
  theory 
  is 
  adopted, 
  these 
  facts 
  remain. 
  

  

  The 
  question 
  is 
  how 
  we 
  are 
  to 
  think 
  of 
  our 
  thought-life 
  and 
  of 
  

   our 
  brain-life 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  one 
  another, 
  for 
  we 
  can 
  at 
  any 
  rate 
  

   talk 
  of 
  them 
  as 
  distinct 
  actualities. 
  At 
  least 
  seven 
  answers 
  have 
  

   been 
  given 
  to 
  this 
  question. 
  Two 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  only 
  acceptable 
  on 
  

   the 
  mechanistic 
  hypothesis, 
  namely 
  (I) 
  the 
  throughgoing 
  material- 
  

   istic 
  answer 
  and 
  (II) 
  the 
  theory 
  of 
  epiphenomenalism. 
  The 
  theory 
  

   at 
  the 
  very 
  opposite 
  extreme 
  subjective 
  idealism 
  (III) 
  seems 
  to 
  

   deny 
  the 
  possibility 
  of 
  science. 
  The 
  theory 
  of 
  psycho-physical 
  

   parallelism 
  (IV) 
  lands 
  in 
  apparently 
  inextricable 
  difficulties 
  so 
  

   well 
  exposed 
  by 
  Prof. 
  James 
  Ward. 
  There 
  remain 
  in 
  the 
  field 
  three 
  

   possible 
  theories: 
  (V) 
  the 
  theory 
  of 
  psychical 
  monism, 
  which 
  few 
  

  

  