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  THE 
  ISSUES 
  OF 
  LIFE 
  

  

  world 
  in 
  the 
  progressive 
  modification 
  of 
  organic 
  beings 
  

   mutual 
  support 
  among 
  individuals 
  plays 
  a 
  much 
  more 
  im- 
  

   portant 
  part 
  than 
  their 
  mutual 
  struggle 
  ". 
  Prof. 
  Patrick 
  

   Geddes 
  also 
  argued 
  that 
  the 
  popular 
  version 
  of 
  the 
  Darwinian 
  

   picture 
  had 
  become 
  distorted 
  into 
  falseness, 
  and 
  advanced 
  

   illustrations 
  of 
  the 
  evolutionary 
  role 
  of 
  other-regarding 
  as 
  

   opposed 
  to 
  self-gratifying 
  activities, 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  survival- 
  

   value 
  of 
  subordinating 
  the 
  self 
  to 
  the 
  species. 
  Prof. 
  Henry 
  

   Drummond 
  in 
  his 
  Lowell 
  Lectures 
  gave 
  an 
  eloquent 
  expo- 
  

   sition 
  of 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  others 
  as 
  con- 
  

   trasted 
  with 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  self. 
  Best 
  of 
  all, 
  because 
  most 
  

   concrete, 
  were 
  Prince 
  Kropotkin's 
  essays 
  on 
  Mutual 
  Aid. 
  

   With 
  a 
  wealth 
  of 
  illustration 
  he 
  showed 
  the 
  pervasiveness 
  

   of 
  mutual 
  aid 
  and 
  mutual 
  support 
  in 
  the 
  Animal 
  Kingdom. 
  

   To 
  him 
  it 
  seemed 
  as 
  much 
  a 
  law 
  of 
  life 
  as 
  mutual 
  struggle, 
  

   and 
  " 
  of 
  the 
  greatest 
  importance 
  for 
  the 
  maintenance 
  of 
  life, 
  

   the 
  preservation 
  of 
  each 
  species, 
  and 
  its 
  further 
  evolution 
  ''. 
  

   Now 
  while 
  it 
  is 
  useful 
  to 
  hold 
  over 
  against 
  aggressive 
  

   competition 
  the 
  fact 
  of 
  mutual 
  aid, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  more 
  radical 
  

   way 
  of 
  stating 
  the 
  case. 
  The 
  idea 
  of 
  two 
  struggles, 
  one 
  

   for 
  self, 
  and 
  one 
  for 
  others, 
  is 
  artificial, 
  and 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  

   borne 
  in 
  mind 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  much 
  self-expression 
  and 
  much 
  

   self-subordination 
  which 
  has 
  no 
  direct 
  connection 
  with 
  strug- 
  

   gle 
  in 
  the 
  technical 
  sense; 
  witness, 
  for 
  instance, 
  the 
  ex- 
  

   pression 
  of 
  a 
  well-adapted 
  parental 
  nature 
  that 
  is 
  not 
  meet- 
  

   ing 
  with 
  any 
  particular 
  difficulties 
  or 
  limitations. 
  How 
  is 
  

   the 
  case 
  to 
  be 
  stated 
  ? 
  By 
  going 
  back 
  to 
  Darwin's 
  position. 
  

   Self-assertive 
  organisms, 
  whose 
  inmost 
  nature 
  is 
  endeavour, 
  

   find 
  themselves 
  faced 
  with 
  bafHing 
  difficulties, 
  hemmed 
  in 
  by 
  

   thwarting 
  limitations. 
  Whenever 
  the 
  creature 
  answers 
  back 
  

   in 
  an 
  individual 
  way, 
  girding 
  up 
  its 
  loins 
  against 
  these 
  

   difficulties 
  and 
  hurling 
  itself 
  against 
  these 
  limitations, 
  there 
  

  

  