182 MKRI.ST1C VARIATION. [PART I. 



In tli.- great majority of cases (over 00 per cent., LEICHTEN- 

 si i. UN ' ) of mamma' placed on the mammary lines, the supernumer- 

 ar\ structures are below the normal ones, being then as a rule in- 

 ternal to ih. in, while those found above the normal mammas are 

 1 ss common and are external to the normal mamma;. The di- 

 Man- -araiiug the normal from the supernumerary mamma- 



.ily indifferent cases, and most conditions have been 

 - . 11 intermediate between a stage in which the nipple is bifid, and 

 that in which completely separate supernumerary mammae are pre- 

 sented. It is of consequence to observe that there appears to be 

 mi case in \\hich a supernumerary mamma is so large as the nor- 

 mal mamma of the same individual. 



Tin- degn-o to which supernumerary structures of this nature 



are d-\el,,ped is very various. They may be fully formed mamma- 



with nipples, in th- female capable of function; while in oth. r 



n th.- contrary, they may either consist of nipples only, 



ML; n.. <li-tnr_;iiished glandular tissue of mammary character in 

 connexion with them, or the}- may be tumours of mammary cha- 

 racter \\ithut nij)ples or even definite ducts. Between these 

 several con'lit ion- there is no sharp distinction. It appeal's there- 

 fore that then- ai- fii'n rudimentary or imperfect conditions possi- 

 1.1.- : either supernumerary nipples without recognizable mammary 

 glands, shading off into small warty elevations of uncertain charac- 

 ter, and on the other hand redundant portions of mammary gland 

 \\ithout nipples. Tin- latter may be partially connected with the 

 normal mamma- or quite separate from them. All these states of 

 imperfect inn an- nnn-h more common than the complete super- 

 numerary mamma-. 



Fully formed supernumerary mamma; have been found above 

 the normal mamma- and also Kelow th.-m, the latter being the 

 mop- frequent position. For those found on the mammary lines 

 tin- axilla is tin- highest position and the upper part of the abdo- 

 minal wall the lowest. Of the rudimentary forms, the mammary 

 tumours \\ithoiit nipples occur usually if not always above and ex- 

 ternal to the normal mammae, being generally in or near the axilla. 

 The supernumerary nipples however are in the great majority of 

 i asee helow and internal to the normal ones. 



Small supernumerary nipples are quite common in Man, but 

 the statistics f different ol.serx.Ts give various results. Bruce 

 found in -J::il females | 4 cases ( -CO.") per cent .). and in 164."> males 

 47 cases (2*857 percent.). These persons were patients at the 

 hrompton Hospital for Consumption and were not specially ex- 

 amined with a view to this inquiry. Among '.}\~y such persons 

 examined I'm- tin- purposes of these statistic-. 1^4 cases were seen 

 (7'<; per cent.), 1!) being male and ~) female. In cS cases two extra 

 nipples \\.-re pn-.-nt. and one doubtful case of three extra nipples 



1 N.t including mammary tumours \\itli. >ut nipples in tlu- a\ill:i . 



