146 MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE STEM. 



from each other by mechanical or chemical means for use in the 



V 



manufacture of paper-pulp. The woods which appear to Jiave 



translated in Sachs's Text-book, 2d Eng. ed., p. 651), in which the structural 

 characters of many kinds of wood are given. The table will be found con- 

 venient for reference. 



1. Wood consisting only of traclu-ids with bordered pits : - 



Winterefe ( Drimys AVinteri, Tasinannia aromatica ; also Trochodendron 

 aralioides) : (Conifers). 



2. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma, and intermediate cells ; 



that is, substitute or replacing cells or fibres (ersatzfasern) : - 



a. With no intermediate cells ; Ilex aquifolium, Staphylea pinnata, Rosa 



canina, Cratoegus monogyna, P} 7 rus eommunis, Spiraea opulifolia, 

 Camellia, etc. 



b. With no parenchyma ; Poiiieria. 



c. With both parenchyma and intermediate cells ; Jasminum revolutum, 



Kerria, Potentilla fruticosa, Casuarina equisetifolia and torulosa, 

 Aristolochia Sipho, etc. 



3. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate 



cells : - 



a. With no intermediate cells ; fibres unseptate ; e. g., Sambucus nigra 



and racemosa, Acer platanoides, Pseudoplatanus, and campestris. 



b. With both parenchyma and intermediate cells ; fibres unseptate ; Ber- 



beiis vulgaris, Mahonia ; (Ephedra). 



c. With no intermediate cells; fibres septate and unseptate; Punica, 



Euonymus latlfolius and Europaeus, Celastrus scandens, Vitis vini- 

 fera, Fuchsia globosa, C'entradenia grandifolia, Hedera Helix, etc. 



d. With all four kinds of cells ; Miihlenbeckia complexa, Ficus. 



4. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate 



cells. This is the most common, and may be taken as the typical structure : 



a. With no intermediate cells ; Sparmannia Africana, Calycanthus, Rham- 



nus catharticus, Ribes rub/rum, Quercus, Castanea, Carpinus sp., 

 Amygdaleaj, Melaleuca, Callistemon sp., etc. 



b. With no parenchyma ; Caragana arborescens. 



c. With both kinds of cells ; most foliage-trees and shrubs; e. g., Salix, 



Populus sp., Liriodendron, Magnolia acuminata, Alnus glntinosa, 

 Betula alba, Juglans regia, Nerium, Tilia, Hakea suaveolens, Ailan- 

 thus, Robinia, Gleditschia sp., TJlex Europasus, etc. 



5. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate cells : - 



a. With no parenchyma ; Viscum album. 



b. With no intermediate cells ; Avicennia. 



c. With both kinds of cells ; Fraxinus excelsior, Ornus, Citrus medica, 



Plataims, etc. 



6. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, and parenchyma : - 



Cheiranthus Cheiri, Begonia. Also many Crassulaceae and Caryophyl- 

 laceae. 



7. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, parenchyma, and true woody-fibres : 



Colens Macraei, Eugenia australis, Hydrangea hortensis. 



8. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, woody fibres, septate fibres, paren- 



chyma, and intermediate cells : - 



Ceratonia siliqua, Bignonia capreolata ; it is, however, still doubtful if 

 true woody-fibres are present. 



