xiv PRIMARY FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. 



PAGE 



Fig. 29. Crania of Stegocephalia and Cotylosauria . . . .117 



30. Diagrams of crania of Reptilia 118 



31. Do 119 



32. Archceopteryx lithogrophica Wagn 125 



33. Ungulata, anterior feet 129 



34. Ungulata, posterior feet 130 



35. Ungulata, anterior and posterior feet 131 



36. Phenacodus vortmanii Cope 134 



37. Fore and hind limbs of Phenacodus primal s and 



Homo sapiens 137 



38. Skull of Anaptomorphits homunculus Cope. Lower 



jaw of Anaptonwrphiis czmuhis Cope 151 



39. Tomitherium rostratiim Cope, mandible 156 



40. Tomitherium rostrattim Cope, fore arm 157 



41. Tomitherium rostratum Cope, ilium and femur . .158 



42. Megaladapis madagascariensis Forsyth Major . . .160 



43. Skull of the man of Spy 161 



44. Outlines of calvaria of the Neanderthal man, of the 



Spy men 162 



45. Vertical sections of symphysis mandibuli of gorilla ; 



of orang ; of chimpanzee ; of Spy men .... 164 



46. Sections of symphysis mandibuli of modern Liegois 



and of an ancient Parisian 166 



47. Molar teeth of man .... 167 



48. Parallelism in Brachiopoda .... .... 181 



49. Circulatory systems 194 



50. Succession of horns of Cervus elaphus L 197 



51. Shoulder-girdles of Anura 198 



52. Lerntza branchialis 212 



53. Ento concha mirabilis MU11 214 



54. Mycetozoa 220 



55- Typhlogobius californiensis Steind 245 



56. Fusits parilis Con., displaying non-plicate columella. 257 



57. Mitra lineolata Heilprin, showing the plications of the 



columella . .' . . 259 



58. Siphocypnea problematica Heilprin, showing plica- 



tions of lips 260 



59. Ostrea edulis, embryo 262 



60. Mya arenaria 263 



61. Modiola plicatula 264 



