﻿Elementary 
  Species 
  in 
  Nature 
  41 
  

  

  

  

  and 
  thousands 
  of 
  minor 
  races, 
  which 
  would 
  

   show 
  their 
  peculiar 
  characteristics 
  if 
  tested 
  by 
  

   cultures 
  in 
  adjacent 
  beds. 
  This 
  however, 
  is 
  not 
  

   what 
  happens. 
  As 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  fact 
  V. 
  tricolor 
  

   and 
  V. 
  arvensis 
  are 
  widely 
  distributed 
  but 
  

   wholly 
  constant 
  types. 
  

  

  Besides 
  these, 
  there 
  occur 
  distinct 
  types 
  in 
  

   numerous 
  localities. 
  Some 
  of 
  them 
  evidently 
  

   have 
  had 
  time 
  and 
  opportunity 
  to 
  spread 
  more 
  

   or 
  less 
  widely 
  and 
  now 
  occupy 
  larger 
  regions 
  or 
  

   even 
  whole 
  countries. 
  Others 
  are 
  narrowly 
  lim- 
  

   ited, 
  being 
  restricted 
  to 
  a 
  single 
  locality. 
  Witt- 
  

   rock 
  collected 
  seeds 
  or 
  plants 
  from 
  as 
  many 
  

   localities 
  as 
  possible 
  in 
  different 
  parts 
  of 
  

   Sweden 
  and 
  neighboring 
  states 
  and 
  sowed 
  them 
  

   in 
  his 
  garden 
  near 
  Stockholm. 
  He 
  secured 
  

   seeds 
  from 
  his 
  plants, 
  and 
  grew 
  from 
  them 
  a 
  

   second, 
  and 
  in 
  many 
  cases 
  a 
  third 
  generation 
  in 
  

   order 
  to 
  estimate 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  variability. 
  As 
  

   a 
  rule 
  the 
  forms 
  introduced 
  into 
  his 
  garden 
  

   proved 
  constant, 
  notwithstanding 
  the 
  new 
  and 
  

   abnormal 
  conditions 
  under 
  which 
  they 
  were 
  

   propagated. 
  

  

  First 
  of 
  all 
  we 
  may 
  mention 
  three 
  perennial 
  

   forms 
  called 
  by 
  him 
  Viola 
  tricolor 
  ammotropha, 
  

   V. 
  tricolor 
  coniophila 
  and 
  V. 
  stenochila. 
  The 
  

   typical 
  V. 
  tricolor 
  is 
  an 
  annual 
  plant, 
  sowing 
  

   itself 
  in 
  summer 
  and 
  germinating 
  soon 
  after- 
  

   wards. 
  The 
  young 
  plants 
  thrive 
  throughout 
  

  

  