﻿Elementary 
  Species 
  in 
  Nature 
  45 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  field-pansy. 
  Jordan 
  has 
  described 
  some 
  

   from 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Lyons, 
  and 
  Witt-rock 
  others 
  

   from 
  the 
  northern 
  parts 
  of 
  Europe. 
  They 
  

   diverge 
  from 
  their 
  common 
  prototype 
  in 
  nearly 
  

   all 
  attributes, 
  the 
  flowers 
  not 
  showing 
  the 
  

   essential 
  differentiating 
  characters 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  

   V. 
  tricolor. 
  Some 
  have 
  their 
  flower-stalks 
  

   erect, 
  and 
  in 
  others 
  the 
  flowers 
  are 
  held 
  nearly 
  

   at 
  right 
  angles 
  to 
  the 
  stem. 
  F. 
  pallescens 
  is 
  a 
  

   small, 
  almost 
  unbranched 
  species 
  with 
  small 
  

   pale 
  flowers. 
  F. 
  segetalis 
  is 
  a 
  stouter 
  species 
  

   with 
  two 
  dark 
  blue 
  spots 
  on 
  the 
  tips 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  

   petals. 
  F. 
  agrestis 
  is 
  a 
  tall 
  and 
  branched, 
  

   hairy 
  form. 
  F. 
  nemausensis 
  attains 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  

   only 
  10 
  cm., 
  has 
  rounded 
  leaves 
  and 
  long 
  

   flower-stalks. 
  Even 
  the 
  seeds 
  afford 
  charac- 
  

   ters 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  made 
  use 
  of 
  in 
  isolating 
  the 
  

   various 
  species. 
  

  

  The 
  above-mentioned 
  elementary 
  forms 
  be- 
  

   long 
  to 
  the 
  flora 
  of 
  southern 
  France, 
  and 
  Witt- 
  

   rock 
  has 
  isolated 
  and 
  cultivated 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  

   others 
  from 
  the 
  fields 
  of 
  Sweden. 
  A 
  species 
  

   from 
  Stockholm 
  is 
  called 
  Viola 
  patens; 
  V. 
  arven- 
  

   sis 
  citrtisepala 
  occurs 
  in 
  Gotland, 
  and 
  F. 
  arv 
  en- 
  

   sis 
  striolata 
  is 
  a 
  distinct 
  form, 
  which 
  has 
  ap- 
  

   peared 
  in 
  his 
  cultures 
  without 
  its 
  true 
  origin 
  

   being 
  ascertained. 
  

  

  The 
  alpine 
  violets 
  comprise 
  a 
  more 
  wide- 
  

   spread 
  type 
  with 
  some 
  local 
  elementary 
  species 
  

  

  