﻿Monstrosities 
  409 
  

  

  culata 
  seems 
  to 
  promise 
  similar 
  results. 
  On 
  

   the 
  other 
  hand 
  I 
  have 
  sowed 
  in 
  vain 
  the 
  seeds 
  of 
  

   twisted 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  soapwort 
  and 
  the 
  

   cleavewort 
  (Saponaria 
  officinalis 
  and 
  Galium 
  

   Aparine). 
  These 
  and 
  some 
  others 
  seems 
  to 
  be- 
  

   long 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  group 
  as 
  the 
  valerian 
  and 
  to 
  

   constitute 
  only 
  poor 
  or 
  so-called 
  half-races. 
  

  

  Next 
  to 
  the 
  torsions 
  come 
  the 
  fasciated 
  

   stems. 
  This 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  common 
  of 
  all 
  

   malformations, 
  and 
  consists, 
  in 
  its 
  ordinary 
  

   form, 
  of 
  a 
  flat 
  ribbon-like 
  expansion 
  of 
  the 
  stems 
  

   or 
  branches. 
  Below 
  they 
  are 
  cylindrical, 
  but 
  

   they 
  gradually 
  lose 
  this 
  form 
  and 
  assume 
  a 
  flat- 
  

   tened 
  condition. 
  Sometimes 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  growth 
  

   is 
  unequal 
  on 
  different 
  portions 
  or 
  on 
  the 
  op- 
  

   posite 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  ribbon, 
  and 
  curvatures 
  are 
  

   produced 
  and 
  these 
  often 
  give 
  to 
  the 
  fasciation 
  

   a 
  form 
  that 
  might 
  be 
  compared 
  with 
  a 
  shep- 
  

   herd 
  *s 
  crook. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  common 
  thing 
  for 
  fas- 
  

   ciated 
  branches 
  and 
  stems 
  to 
  divide 
  at 
  the 
  

   summit 
  into 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  subdivisions, 
  and 
  ordi- 
  

   narily 
  this 
  splitting 
  occurs 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  part, 
  

   sometimes 
  dividing 
  the 
  entire 
  fasciated 
  portion. 
  

   In 
  biennial 
  species 
  the 
  rosette 
  of 
  the 
  root-leaves 
  

   of 
  the 
  first 
  year 
  may 
  become 
  changed 
  by 
  the 
  

   monstrosity, 
  the 
  heart 
  stretching 
  in 
  a 
  transverse 
  

   direction 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  become 
  linear. 
  In 
  the 
  next 
  

   year 
  this 
  line 
  becomes 
  the 
  base 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  

   stem 
  grows, 
  In 
  such 
  cases 
  the 
  fasciated 
  stems 
  

  

  