﻿Cultivated 
  Elementary 
  Species 
  73 
  

  

  and 
  have 
  been 
  taken 
  into 
  cultivation 
  separately. 
  

   Afterwards 
  of 
  course 
  all 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  im- 
  

   proved 
  in 
  the 
  direction 
  required 
  by 
  the 
  needs 
  

   of 
  man. 
  

  

  Quite 
  the 
  same 
  conclusion 
  is 
  afforded 
  by 
  ap- 
  

   ples. 
  The 
  facts 
  are 
  to 
  some 
  extent 
  of 
  another 
  

   character, 
  and 
  the 
  rule 
  of 
  the 
  derivation 
  of 
  the 
  

   present 
  cultivated 
  varieties 
  from 
  original 
  

   wild 
  forms 
  can 
  be 
  illustrated 
  in 
  this 
  case 
  in 
  a 
  

   more 
  direct 
  way. 
  Of 
  course 
  we 
  must 
  limit 
  our- 
  

   selves 
  to 
  the 
  varieties 
  of 
  pure 
  ancestry 
  and 
  

   leave 
  aside 
  all 
  those 
  which 
  are 
  of 
  hybrid 
  or 
  pre- 
  

   sumably 
  hybrid 
  origin. 
  

  

  Before 
  considering 
  their 
  present 
  state 
  of 
  cul- 
  

   ture, 
  something 
  must 
  be 
  said 
  about 
  the 
  earlier 
  

   history 
  and 
  the 
  wild 
  state 
  of 
  the 
  apples. 
  

  

  The 
  apple-tree 
  is 
  a 
  common 
  shrub 
  in 
  woods 
  

   throughout 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  Europe, 
  with 
  the 
  only 
  

   exception 
  of 
  the 
  extreme 
  north. 
  Its 
  distribu- 
  

   tion 
  extends 
  to 
  Anatolia, 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  and 
  

   Ghilan 
  in 
  Persia. 
  It 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  nearly 
  all 
  

   forests 
  of 
  any 
  extent 
  and 
  often 
  in 
  relatively 
  

   large 
  numbers 
  of 
  individuals. 
  It 
  exhibits 
  vari- 
  

   etal 
  characters, 
  which 
  have 
  led 
  to 
  the 
  recog- 
  

   nition 
  of 
  several 
  spontaneous 
  forms, 
  especially 
  

   in 
  France 
  and 
  in 
  Germany. 
  

  

  The 
  differentiating 
  qualities 
  relate 
  to 
  the 
  

   shape 
  and 
  indumentum 
  of 
  the 
  leaves. 
  Nothing 
  

   is 
  known 
  botanically 
  as 
  to 
  differences 
  between 
  

  

  