CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IX. 



QUATERNARY MAMMALIA. 



PAGE 



Succession of species The cave-bear- -The cave-hyaena The 

 cave-lion The mammoth Existence of the African elephant in 

 Europe The quaternary species of rhinoceros Rhinoceros 

 Tichorhinus The musk-ox The hippopotamus The Irish elk 

 Wild horses The reindeer The aurochs The urus Elk- 

 Lemming-- Snowy owl --Mollusca Links between existing 

 species Climate of the quaternary period Probable fluctua- 

 tions of climate . 



CHAPTER X. 



CAVE-MEN. 



Caves in the South of France Belgian caves Kent's Hole- 

 Brixham cave Sicilian caves Gibraltar caves Aurignac- 

 Wokey Hole Caves in the Dordogne Fauna of the Dordogne 

 caves Absence of domestic animals Flint implements Rela- 

 tive antiquity of the remains Absence of polished implements 

 Bone implements Representations of animals Drawing of 

 reindeer and mammoth Sculpture Habits of the cave-dwellers 

 Human remains The Engis skull The Neanderthal skull- 

 Cave-men .... . 3 11 



CHAPTER XL 



RIVER-DRIFT GRAVEL-BEDS. 



M. Boucher de Perthes Mr. Prestwich and Mr. Evans Mr. Frere's 

 discovery in 1800 Similar discoveries elsewhere Similar dis- 

 coveries in other countries Antiquity as shown by physical 

 geography The questions at issue Evidence derivable from 

 the flints themselves The forgeries Character of the true drift 

 implements Drift implements never ground Scarcity of human 

 bones Scarcity of men in ancient times Proportion of men to 

 other animals in the Hudson's Bay Territory The mammoth and 

 rhinoceros Characteristics of the drift-beds Physical geogra- 

 phy of the Somme Valley St. Acheul Organic remains - 

 Mineralogical constituents of the river-drift gravels Objections 

 to the proposed theory Ice action Fresh-water origin of the 

 gravels Inapplicability of cataclysms Alteration of the river 

 level Gradual excavation of the valley The lower level gravel- 

 beds Their fauna The peat Objects found in the peat- 

 Relation of the loess to the gravel Continual changes of river 

 courses Elevation of the land Recapitulation . . .341 



