PHCENICIAN COLONIES AND COMMERCE. 71 



the help of the gnomon only, estimated the latitude of Mar- 

 seilles at 43 17' 8", a calculation which differs merely by a 

 few seconds from the result given by modern astronomers 

 namely, 43 17' 52". 



I have dwelt at some length on this part of my subject, 

 for while we are all anxious to pay due honour to our modern 

 travellers, to Livingstone and Galton, to Speke and Grant, 

 we ought not to forget those who led the way. The memory 

 of great men is a precious legacy, which we cannot afford 

 lightly to surrender, and not the least valuable part of Professor 

 Nilsson's work on the Bronze Age is the chapter in which he 

 has rescued the memory of Pytheas from the cloud by which 

 it has been so long and so unjustly obscured. 



But even if Sir Cornewall Lewis could have established his 

 case, and destroyed our faith in these particular expeditions, 

 still there remain overwhelming proofs of an important and 

 extended commerce in even more ancient times than those 

 of Pytheas or Himilco. The evidence of this has been well 

 put together by Dr. Smith,* of Camborne, to whose work I 

 would refer those who may wish for more detailed informa- 

 tion; for the present I must content myself with referring 

 to a few well-known facts, which, however, will be sufficient 

 for my present purpose. 



We know, then, that Marseilles was founded by the Pho- 

 cean Greeks, B.C. 600; Carthage is supposed to have been 

 built by the Phoenicians about 800 B.C.; and Utica, according 

 to Strabo and Pliny, about 300 years earlier still ; while, 

 according to Velleius Paterculus and Pomponius Mela, the 

 city of Gades (Cadiz) was founded by the Tyrians not long 

 after the fall of Troy. Before such facts as these the sup- 

 posed improbability of Pytheas's voyage to Norway falls to 

 the ground. The distance between Cadiz and Phoenicia is 

 more than 2000 miles, and it is greater than that between 

 * The CassiterideSj by George Smith, LL.D. 



