181- MODERN LAKE-DWELLINGS. 



vails most extensively. The city of Borneo is altogether 

 built upon piles, and similar constructions have been described 

 by various travellers in New Guinea, Celebes, Solo, Ceram, 

 Mindanao, the Caroline Islands, on the Gold Coast, and else- 

 where. Dampier long ago mentioned similar dwellings con- 

 structed over the water; and Dumont d'Urville,* quoted by 

 M. Troyon, tells us that " Jadis toute la ville de Tondano etait 

 construite sur le lac, et Ton ne communiquait d'une maison 

 a une autre qu'en bateau/' The Bishop of Labuan thus 

 describes the dwellings of the Dyaks : " They are built along 

 the river-side, on an elevated platform twenty or thirty feet 

 high, in a long row ; or rather it is a whole village in one row 

 of some hundreds of feet long. The platforms are first framed 

 with beams, and then crossed with laths about two inches 

 wide and two inches apart, and in this way are well venti- 

 lated ; and nothing remains on the floors, but all the refuse 

 falls through and goes below."-f 



In Ireland a number of more or less artificial islands called 

 " Crannoges"J (fig. 162) are known historically to have been 

 used as strongholds by the petty chiefs. They are composed 

 of earth and stones, strengthened by piles, and have supplied 

 the Irish archaeologists with numerous weapons, implements, 

 and bones. From the Crannoge at Dunshauglin, indeed, more 

 than one hundred and fifty cart-loads of bones were obtained 

 and used as manure ! These Lake-dwellings of Ireland, how- 

 ever, are referable to a much later period than those of Swit- 

 zerland, and are frequently mentioned in early history. Thus, 

 according to Shirley, " One Thomas Phettiplace, in his answer 

 to an inquiry from the Government, as to what castles or forts 

 O'Neil hath, and of what strength they be, states (May 15, 

 1567): 'For castles, I think it be not unknown to your 



* Voyage de I'Astrolabe, vol. v. p. 635. 



t Trans, of the Etlniol. Soc., New Series, vol. ii. p. 28. 



+ See Wilde's Catalogue, vol. i. p. 220. 



