GKAIN. FRUITS. 217 



millet. Of these the most ancient and most important were 

 the small six-rowed barley and small "Lake-dwellers" wheat. 

 The discovery of Egyptian wheat (Triticum turgidum) at 

 Wangen and Eobenhausen is particularly interesting. Oats 

 were cultivated during the Bronze Age, but are absent from 

 all the Stone Age villages. Eye also was unknown. 



Wheat and millet only seem to have been used for making 

 bread. Prof. Heer thinks the barley was probably roasted. In 

 six-rowed barley the husks adhere very closely to the grain, and 

 it would have been difficult to separate them ; when roasted, 

 however, they could be easily detached from one another. 



Still more unexpected was the discovery of bread, or rather 

 cakes, for their texture is so solid that leaven appears not to 

 have been used. They were flat and round, from an inch to 

 fifteen lines in thickness, and, to judge from one specimen, 

 had a diameter of four or five inches. In other cases the 

 grains seem to have been roasted, coarsely ground between 

 stones, and then either stored up in large earthenware pots, 

 or eaten after being slightly moistened. Grain treated in a 

 similar manner is even now eaten in Germany and Switzerland. 

 In what way the ground was prepared for the cultivation of 

 corn we know not, as no implements have as yet been dis- 

 covered which can with certainty be regarded as agricultural. 



Carbonized apples have been found at Wangen, sometimes 

 whole, sometimes cut into two, or more rarely into four pieces, 

 and evidently dried and put aside for winter use. They have 

 occurred not only at Wangen, but also at Eobenhausen in 

 Lake Pfeffikon, and at Concise in Lake Neufchatel. They 

 are small, and resemble generally those which still grow wild 

 in the Swiss forests ; at Eobenhausen, however, specimens 

 have occurred which are of larger size and were probably 

 cultivated. No trace of the vine, the walnut, the cherry, or 

 the damson has yet been met with, but stones of the wild 

 plum and the Prunus padus have been found. Seeds of the 



