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CHAPTER IX. 



QUATERNARY MAMMALIA. 



IN addition to those still existing, the fauna of Northern 

 Europe during the Palaeolithic period comprised several 

 species of mammalia which have either become entirely ex- 

 tinct, or very much restricted in their geographical distribu- 

 tion, since the appearance of man in Europe. The principal 

 of these are 



Ursus spelceus (the cave-bear). 



U. prisons. 



Hycena spelcea (the cave-hysena). 



Felis spelcea (the cave-lion). 



Elephas primigenius (the mammoth). 



E. antiquus. 



Rhinoceros ticlwrliinus (the hairy rhinoceros). 



R. leptorliinus, Cuv. 



R. hemitceclms. 



Hippopotamus major (the hippopotamus). 



Ovibos moschatus (the musk ox). 



Megaceros hibernicus (the Irisk elk). 



E. fossilis (the wild horse). 



Gulo luscus (the glutton). 



Cervus tarandus (the reindeer). 



Bison Europeans (the aurochs). 



Bos primigenius (the urus). 



Besides many smaller, but very interesting, species. 



The first ten of these have been regarded, until lately, as 

 altogether extinct, but recent researches have induced many 



