338 CAVE MEN. 



frontal ridges. To it belongs the celebrated skull found in 

 a limestone cave in the Neanderthal, near Hochdal, between 

 Diisseldorf and Elberfeld. This remarkable specimen was first 

 described by Schaafhausen,* and "under whatever aspect," 

 says Prof. Huxley, -f we view this cranium, whether we regard 

 its vertical depression, the enormous thickness of its supra- 

 ciliary ridges, its sloping occiput, or its long and straight 

 squamosal stature, we meet with ape-like characters, stamping 

 it as the most pithecoid of human crania yet discovered/' 

 The shape of this skull is so remarkable, that as long as it 

 stood alone considerable doubt was naturally felt whether, in 

 the words of Busk, it represented " an individual peculiarity 

 or a typical character." Subsequently, however, two other 

 skulls, almost identical in form, have been discovered in the 

 talus at the outside of a cave at Spy, in Belgium. These 

 skulls, though not entirely, were more complete, and were 

 associated with other bones, indicating a short, robust, pro- 

 gnathous race.J 



The second, the "Cromagnon" or "Engis" type, has also 

 narrow skulls, which, however, unlike those of the preced- 

 ing type, are high. To it belongs the celebrated skull, dis- 

 covered by Dr. Schmerling in the cave of Engis, near Liege 

 (figs. 190, 191), which though I agree with Mr. Boyd Daw- 

 kins that the conditions under which it was discovered are 

 too doubtful to justify us in referring it to the Palaeolithic 

 period is no doubt very ancient. As regards form, however, 

 it might have been that of a modern European. " There is 

 110 mark of degradation about any part of its structure. It 

 is, in fact, a fair average human skull, which might have be- 

 longed to a philosopher, or might have contained the thought- 

 less brains of a savage." To the same type belong the skulls 



* Muller's Archiv. 1858. Nat. Poydt and Loliert, Ann. Soc.. 

 Hist. Kev. 1861. Biol. Belgique, 1886. 



t 1. c. p. 156. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, 



p. 156. 



